Top 714 CAT Reading Comprehension Questions With Solutions

“Bios” and “Technos” are both convergent forms of logic, but they generate meanings about the world that are mutually exclusive.

“Mechanical” and “life” are words from different logical systems and are, therefore,fundamentally incompatible in meaning.

A bionic convergence indicates the meeting ground of genetic engineering and artificial intelligence.

“Mechanical” and “life” were earlier seen as opposite in meaning, but the difference between the two is increasingly blurred.

Organic reality has crumpled under the veil of manufacturing, rendering the apparent and the real as the same being.

The crumpling of the organic veil between apparent and manufactured reality reveals them to have the same being.

Scientific advances are making it increasingly difficult to distinguish between organic reality and manufactured reality.

Apparent reality and organic reality are distinguished by the fact that the former is manufactured.

historically, philosophers have known that the laws of life can be abstracted and applied elsewhere.

genetic engineers and bioengineers are the same insofar as they both seek to force evolution in an artificial way.

the biological realm is as complex as the mechanical one; which is why the logic of Bios is being imported into machines.

purposeful design represents the pinnacle of scientific expertise in the service of human betterment and civilisational progress.

Complex systems; Carrots; Milk cows; Convergence; Technos-logic

Nature; Computers; Carrots; Milk cows; Genetic engineering

Nature; Bios; Technos; Self-repair; Holsteins

Complex systems; Bio-logic; Bioengineering; Technos-logic; Convergence

making considerations of environmental sustainability intrinsic to the development of technological solutions.

a more responsible approach to technical design and problem-solving than a focus on speed in developing and bringing to scale.

design that is based on the needs of communities using local knowledge and responding to local priorities.

moving towards technical-social dualism where social community needs are incorporated in problem-definition and solutions.

neglect of research and development of medical technologies for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases that typically afflict marginalised communities.

continuing calibration of medical devices based on past racial biases that have remained unadjusted for changes.

exclusion of non-privileged groups in clinical trials which leads to incorrect drug dosages.

incorrect assignment of people as female at birth which has resulted in faulty drug interventions.

the objective of best solutions in engineering has shifted the focus of pedagogy from humanism and social obligations to technological perfection.

engineering students today are taught to focus on objective technical outcomes, independent of the social dimensions of their work.

engineering students today are trained to be non-subjective in their reasoning as this best enables them to develop much-needed universal solutions.

technical-social dualism has emerged as a technique for engineering students to incorporate social considerations into their technical problem-solving processes.

“But those technical ideals are at their core social and political choices determined by a dominant culture focused on economic growth for the most privileged segments of society.”

“And we hardly question whether devices are built sustainably, which has led to a crisis of medical waste and health care accounting for 10 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions.”

“These racially based adjustments are derived from research done by eugenicists who thought these racial differences were biologically determined and who considered nonwhite people as inferior.”

“Beyond physical failings, subjective beliefs treated as facts by those in decision-making roles can encode social inequities.”

Musicking; Cognitive psychology; Antique; Symbol-makers; Modernity.

Humans; Capacities; Language; Symbols; Modernity.

Humans; Musicking; Linguistic capacities; Symbol-making; Modern humanity.

Humans; Psychological vantage; Musicking; Cassirer; Emergence of music.

A bald statement is one that is trailed by a series of qualifying clarifications and caveats.

A bald statement is one that requires no qualifications to infer its meaning.

Although there may be many caveats and other considerations, the statement is essentially true.

Thinking beyond qualifications allows us to give free reign to musical expressions.

Anyone who can perceive and experience music must be considered capable of musicking.

Although musicking is not language-like, it shares the quality of being a form of expression.

20,000 years ago, human musical capacities were not very different from what they are today.

All musical work is located in the overlap between linguistic capacity and music production.

Nonmusical capacities are of far greater consequence to human survival than the capacity for music.

From a cognitive and psychological vantage, musicking arises from unconscious dispositions, not conscious ones.

As musicking is neither language-like nor symbol-like, it is a much older form of expression.

Musical capacities are primarily socio-cultural, which explains the wide diversity of musical forms.

as concepts, “culture” and “tradition” have no analytical, explanatory or expository power, especially when they are treated in isolation.

the institution of friendship cannot be found in the institution of joint-stock companies because the first is an informal institution, while the second is a formal one.

institutions like the family, rituals, governance, economy, and the military are natural and cannot be consciously modified.

“natural language” refers to that stage of language development where no conscious human intent is evident in the formation of language.

“an arena of thought” and “academic disciplines".

“individuals” and “social structures”.

“the philosophy of the social sciences” and “a set of social institutions”.

“academic disciplines” and “institutions”.

It is usual in social thought to treat culture and tradition as different from institutions.

Language is the fundamental formal institution for social life and for science.

The stock exchange and the black market are both market institutions.

Institutions are structures that serve to coordinate the actions of individuals.

Market instruments can be formally traded in the stock exchange and informally traded in the black market.

The stock exchange and the black market are both organised to function by rules.

The stock exchange and the black market are examples of how, even within the same domain, different kinds of institutions can co-exist.

The stock exchange and the black market are both dependent on the market to survive.

Mankind’s early years were marked by a belief in the existence of eerie creatures that were neither quite alive nor dead.

Long ago, eerie creatures used to whisper in the primal darkness that they were not quite dead.

Mankind’s primal years were marked by creatures alive with eerie whispers, but seen only in the darkness.

We can understand the lives of the eerie creatures in Mankind’s early years through their whispers in the darkness.

The writer discusses the transition from primitive thinking to the Age of Enlightenment.

The passage discusses the evolution of theories of the Undead from primitive thinking to the Age of Enlightenment.

The passage describes the failure of human beings to fully comprehend their environment.

The writer describes the ways in which the Undead come to be associated with Shamans and the practice of magic.

the Undead remained vague and ill-defined, even as Mankind strove to understand the horror they inspired.

the transition from the Middle Ages to the Age of Enlightenment saw new theories of the Undead.

the growing sophistication of Mankind meant that humans stopped believing in the Undead.

the relationship between Shamans and the Undead was believed to be a strong and stable one.

Human beings conceptualise the Undead as possessing abnormal features.

The Undead are deified in nature’s order by giving them divine attributes.

The natural attributes of the Undead are rendered abnormal by changing their status.

According the Undead an abnormal status is to reject the natural order of things.

they were led by the data processed by digital templates

the data collected were not sufficient for appropriate triage.

the digital templates forced them to acquire tunnel vision.

they used the wrong type of digital templates for the case.

medical software that provides optional feedback on the doctor’s analysis of the medical situation.

a smart-home system that changes the temperature as instructed by the resident.

software that auto-completes text when the user writes an email.

software that offers interpretations when requested by the human operator.

it stunts the development of its users.

it could mislead people.

computers could replace humans.

it stops users from exercising their minds.

they did not have the skill-set to address complicated tasks.

they were hoping that the software would help carry out the tasks.

the other group was carrying out the tasks more efficiently.

they wanted to avoid making mistakes.

develop an oppositional framework to grasp cultural differences.

examine their own beliefs and biases.

read widely in the country’s literature.

examine the complex reality of that nation’s society.

India’s culture has evolved over the centuries.

the Orientalist view of Asia fired the imagination of some Western poets.

India became a colony although it matched the technical knowledge of the West.

Indian culture acknowledges the material aspects of life.

Indian texts influenced Orientalist scholars.

Orientalist scholarship influenced Indians.

India’s spiritualism served as a salve for European colonisers.

Orientalists’ understanding of Indian history was linked to colonial concerns.

Studying artefacts excavated at a palace to understand the lifestyle of those who lived there.

Reading 18th century accounts by travellers to India to see how they viewed Indian life and culture of the time.

Reading about the life of early American settlers and later waves of migration to understand the evolution of American culture.

Analysing Hollywood action movies that depict violence and sex to understand contemporary America.

Pablo Picasso’s painting of Vincent van Gogh’s original painting, bearing Picasso’s signature.

Pablo Picasso’s painting of Vincent van Gogh’s original painting, identical in every respect.

Pablo Picasso’s photograph of Vincent van Gogh’s original painting, printed to exactly the same scale.

Pablo Picasso’s miniaturised, but otherwise faithful and accurate painting of Vincent van Gogh’s original painting.

A 17th-century British painter would have no problem adding personal touches when restoring an ancient Roman painting.

A 20th-century Japanese Buddhist monk would value a reconstructed shrine as the original.

A 17th-century French artist who adhered to a Christian worldview would need to be completely true to the original intent of a painting when restoring it.

A 21st-century Christian scientist is likely to oppose cloning because of his philosophical orientation.

Both were built as places of worship.

Both can be regarded as very old structures.

Both are continually undergoing restoration.

Both will one day be completely rebuilt.

it discourages them from simultaneous displays of multiple copies of a painting.

it allows regular employment for certain craftsmen.

it discourages them from making interventions in ancient art.

it discourages them from carrying out human cloning.

sea snails

cuttlefish

polar bears

squids

are consumed by humans and other animals.

do not possess an outer protective shell.

exhibit higher intelligence than other molluscs.

have several arms

Cephalopods can blend into the colour of their surroundings.

Cephalopods can change their texture.

Cephalopods can change their colour.

Cephalopods can take on the colour of their predator.

the number of chromatophores in Cephalopods is half the number of iridophores and leucophores.

the temperature of water at the depths at which Cephalopods reside renders the transmission of neural signals difficult.

light reflects the colours red, green, and yellow at the depths at which Cephalopods reside.

the hydrostatic pressure at the depths at which Cephalopods reside renders radial muscle movements difficult.

Technology, laws, and customs are comparable, but dissimilar phenomena.

Technological environments privilege certain dimensions of human nature as effectively as laws and customs.

Automobiles represent the interest in mobility present in human nature.

Technology, laws, and customs are not unlike each other if considered as institutions.

It is not human nature, but human culture that is represented by institutions such as law and custom.

Technologies form the environmental context and shape the contours of human society.

Nature decides the point at which society loses its capacity to control history.

The romantic conception of nature referred to by the passage is the one that requires theoretical legitimacy.

The problems of command over a disempowered and deskilled labour force gave rise to similar patterns of the capitalist rationalisation of production wherever masses were organised.

Marx’s understanding of the capitalist rationalisation of production and Marcuse’s understanding of a “project” of “technological rationality” share theoretical inclinations.

Masses are organised in patterns set by Foucault’s prisons and Habermas’ public sphere.

Paradoxically, the capitalist rationalisation of production is a mark of so-called socialist systems as well.

the significance of parental authority to children’s safety does not therefore imply that parental authority is a permanent aspect of human nature.

the critical theory of technology argues that, as issues of human rights become more prominent, we lose sight of the ways in which the social order becomes more authoritarian.

analyses of technologies must engage with their social histories to be able to reveal their implicit and explicit meanings for us.

technologies seek to privilege certain dimensions of human nature at a high cost to lived nature.

“Meditation and the right attitude”, in this instance, implies an initially passive reception of all experiences.

Meditation allows certain out-of-body experiences that permit us to gain the distance necessary to control our emotions.

The observation of emotions in a distant manner corresponds to the second movement referred to earlier in the passage.

Emotional responses can make it difficult to distinguish valuable experiences from valueless experiences.

Marcus Aurelius was humiliated by the accusation of treason in front of the other officers.

Marcus Aurelius was a Stoic whose philosophy survived into the Roman era.

Marcus Aurelius plotted revenge in his quest for justice.

Marcus Aurelius was one of the leaders of the Roman army.

Despite practising meditation and cultivating the right attitude, emotions cannot ever be controlled.

The Greek philosopher Zeno survived into the Roman era until about AD 300.

In the Epicurean view, indulging in simple pleasures is not desirable.

In the Stoic view, choosing a reasoned, unemotional response as the first movement is an appropriate response to emotional situations.

The Stoics valorised the pursuit of money, power, and sexual gratification.

The Stoic influences can be seen in multiple religions.

The Epicureans believed in controlling all emotions.

There were no Stoics in India at the time of the Roman civilisation.

Chicago School; Native-born Whites; European immigrants; Poverty

Chicago School; Social organisation; Migration; Crime

Durkheim; Marx; Toennies; Shaw

Rapid population growth; Heavy industry; Segregation; Crime

according to European sociologists, crime in America is mainly in Chicago.

the best circumstances for crime to flourish are when there are severe racial disparities.

to prevent crime, it is important to maintain social order through maintaining social segregation.

rapid population growth and demographic diversity give rise to social disorganization that can feed the growth of crime.

The failure to integrate in-migrants, along with social problems like poverty, was a significant reason for the rise in crime in American cities.

According to social disorganisation theory, the social integration of African American migrants into Chicago was slower because they were less organised.

The differences between urban and rural lifestyles were crucial factors in the disruption experienced by migrants to American cities.

According to social disorganisation theory, fast-paced social change provides fertile ground for the rapid growth of crime.

Economists have found that throughout the twentieth century, the size of the labour force in America has always been largest in rural areas.

A population census conducted in 1952 showed that more Americans lived in rural areas than in urban ones.

The estimation of per capita income in America in the mid-twentieth century primarily required data from rural areas.

Demographic transition in America in the twentieth century is strongly marked by an out-migration from rural areas.

Robots made from smart materials are likely to become part of our everyday lives in the future.

There are two kinds of molecules used to make some nano-robots: one that reacts positively to water and the other negatively.

Some hydrogels turn sticky when an electric current is passed through them; this potentially has very useful applications.

Nano-Sentinel-like robots are likely to be used to inject people to convert them into robots, cell by cell.

Sentinel robots will be used in warfare to cause large-scale destructive mutations amongst civilians.

X-Men may be created by injecting people with mutant nano-gels that will respond to the brain’s magnetic field.

In the future, robots will be used to search and destroy diseases even in the deepest recesses of the human body.

1-centimetre blobs of gel that have nano-robots in them will be used to send messages.

Robots will use nano-robots on their feet and wheels to climb walls or move on ceilings.

Nano-robots made from molecules that react to water have become increasingly useful.

Once the stuff of science fiction, nano-robots now feature in cutting-edge scientific research.

The field of robotics is likely to be featured more and more in comics like the New X-Men.

People who were infected by Nano-Sentinel robots became mutants who were called X-Men.

Tiny sentinels called X-Men infected people, turning them into mutant robot overlords.

None of the options listed here.

The X-Men were mutant heroes who now had to battle tiny robots called Nano-Sentinels

Culture and environment play a key role in shaping our acquisition of language.

Anatomical developments like the voice box play a key role in determining language acquisition skills.

The evolutionary and deterministic framework of Pinker’s book makes it racist.

The universality of the “language instinct” counters claims that Pinker’s book is racist.

all intelligent primates are gifted with it.

developments in neuroscience have increased its acceptance.

it confers an evolutionary reproductive advantage.

not all intelligent primates are gifted with it.

The language instinct.

The inborn language acquisition skills of humans.

The Darwinian explanatory paradigm for language.

The possibility of a universal grammar.

draws extensively from Chomsky’s propositions.

disagrees with Chomsky on certain grounds.

draws from behavioural psychology theories.

writes in a different style from Chomsky.

stories that unite people and those that distinguish groups from each other.

attaining social cohesion and propagating objective truth.

leaders who unknowingly spread fictions and those who intentionally do so.

truth and power.

there are definite advantages to promoting fiction, but there needs to be some limit to a pervasive belief in myths.

while unalloyed truth is not recommended, leaders should stay as close as possible to it.

manipulating people’s beliefs is politically advantageous, but a leader who propagates only myths is likely to lose power.

people cannot handle the unvarnished truth, so leaders retain power by deviating from it.

today know how to create social cohesion better than in the past.

use myths to attain the first type of power.

know how to balance truth and social unity.

need to leverage both types of power to remain in office.

“. . . scholars often had to decide whether they served the truth or social harmony. Should they aim to unite people by making sure everyone believes in the same fiction, or should they let people know the truth . . .?”

“On the one hand, power means having the ability to manipulate objective realities: to hunt animals, to construct bridges, to cure diseases, to build atom bombs.”

“Hence sticking with the truth is the best strategy for gaining power. Unfortunately, this is just a comforting myth.”

"In fact, truth and power have a far more complicated relationship, because in human society, power means two very different things."

represented a continuation of age-old oppositions in Indian culture.

constituted the premise of the ghar/bāhir dichotomy.

was not as ideologically powerful as the inner/outer dichotomy.

helped in safeguarding the identity of Indian nationalism.

Indian nationalists rejected the cause of English education for women during the colonial period.

Forces of colonial modernity played an important role in shaping anti-colonial Indian nationalism.

The colonial period saw the hybridisation of Indian culture in all realms as it came in contact with British/European culture.

The Industrial Revolution played a crucial role in shaping the economic prowess of Britain in the eighteenth century.

Indian nationalism’s sophistication resided in its distinction of the material from the spiritual spheres.

Indian nationalist discourses reaffirmed traditional gender roles for Indian women.

Indian nationalism embraced the changes brought about by colonialism in Indian women’s traditional gender roles.

Indian nationalist discourses provided an ideological principle of selection.

Despite its spiritual superiority, Indian nationalism had to fight against colonial domination.

Despite its fight against colonial domination, Indian nationalism had to borrow from the coloniser in the spiritual sphere.

Despite its scientific and technological inferiority, Indian nationalism had to fight against colonial domination.

Despite its fight against colonial domination, Indian nationalism had to borrow from the coloniser in the material sphere.

a catastrophic event that entirely eliminates a people and their culture.

governments promoting certain languages over others.

the focus on only a few languages as a result of widespread internet use.

people shifting away from their own language to study or work in another language.

they are repositories of traditional knowledge about the environment and culture.

they are in danger of being wiped out as most can only be transmitted orally.

people are increasingly working on documenting these languages.

their vocabulary and grammatical constructs have been challenging to document.

greater multilingualism.

“language shifts” across languages.

cultural homogenisation.

an expanded state role in the preservation of languages.

efforts to integrate Welsh speakers in the English-speaking fold have been fruitless.

languages can revive even after their speakers have gone through a “language shift”.

vulnerable languages can rebound with state effort.

while often pilloried, globalisation can, in fact, support linguistic revival.

tea drinking has become a social ritual worldwide.

the ritual of drinking tea promotes congeniality and camaraderie.

tea became the leading drink in Britain in the nineteenth century.

tea drinking was sometimes promoted as a patriotic duty.

manufacturers who were pressing for duty-free imports.

tea drinkers lobbying for product diversity.

the anti-alcohol lobby as a substitute for the consumption of liquor.

factories to instill sobriety in their labour.

had an actual beneficial effect on social interaction and society in general.

was actively encouraged by interest groups in the government.

was marketed by a wide range of interest groups.

appealed to a universal group and not just to a niche section of people.

sustainably farmed foods.

natural health supplements.

travel to pristine destinations.

ergonomically designed products.

A society without any laws to restrain one’s individuality.

A society where public power is earned through merit rather than through privilege.

Institutional surveillance of every individual to ensure his/her security and welfare.

The regulation of homogeneity through promoting competitive heterogeneity.

in More’s time, there was plenty and security, so people did not need restraints that could appear unreasonable.

there have been thousands of communities where homogeneity and stability have been achieved through choice, rather than by force.

the tradition of utopian literature has often shown societies in which it would be nearly impossible for anyone to be sinful or criminal.

in early modern utopianism, the stability of utopian societies was seen to be achieved only with individuals surrendering their sense of self.

Utopia - Security - Homogeneity - Intentional community.

Relentless transparency - Homogeneity - Utopia - Dystopia.

Utopia - Security - Dystopia - Coercion.

Curtailment of privacy - Dystopia - Utopia - Intentional community.

utopian and dystopian societies are twins, the progeny of the same parents.

it is possible to see utopias as dystopias, with a change in perspective, because one person’s utopia could be seen as another’s dystopia.

many conceptions of utopian societies emphasise the importance of social uniformity and cultural homogeneity.

utopian societies exist in a long tradition of literature dealing with imaginary people practicing imaginary customs, in imaginary worlds.

the former had human subjects, while the latter had cuttlefish.

the former correlated self-control and future success, while the latter correlated selfcontrol and survival advantages.

the former used verbal communication with its subjects, while the latter had to develop a symbolic means of communication.

the former was performed over a longer time span than the latter.

Cuttlefish are equally fond of live grass shrimp and raw prawns.

Cuttlefish live in big groups that exhibit sociability.

Cuttlefish wait longer than 100 seconds for the shrimp drawer to open up.

Cuttlefish cannot distinguish between geometrical shapes.

Like human children, cuttlefish are capable of self-control.

Intelligence in a species is impossible without sociability.

Cuttlefish exercise choice when it comes to food.

Cuttlefish exert self-control with the help of diversions.

Asian shore crabs and raw prawns are simultaneously released while a live grass shrimp drawer labelled with a triangle is placed in front of the cuttlefish, to be opened after one minute.

raw prawns are released while a live grass shrimp drawer labelled with a square is placed in front of the cuttlefish.

raw prawns are released while an Asian shore crab drawer labelled with a triangle is placed in front of the cuttlefish, to be opened after one minute.

live grass shrimp are released while two raw prawn drawers labelled with a circle and a triangle respectively are placed in front of the cuttlefish; the triangle-labelled drawer is opened after 50 seconds.

sceptics believe that we can never fully know anything, if by “knowing” we mean knowledge of a reality that is independent of the knower.

if we cannot distinguish knowledge from opinion or delusion, we will not be able to justify our actions.

the best way to deal with scepticism about the veracity of knowledge is to ignore it.

philosophers maintain that the scandal of philosophy should be of concern to everyone.

Our knowledge of reality floats above our subjective perception of it.

If the reality of things is independent of our eyesight, logically we cannot perceive our perception.

Our knowledge of reality cannot be merged with our process of conceiving it.

If the reality of things is independent of our perception, logically we cannot perceive that reality.

How we come to hold them; how widely they are held in our social circles.

All of the options listed here.

How much of a stake we have in them; what resources there are to support them.

Remaining outside the academy; ignoring epistemic anxieties.

The confidence with which we maintain something to be true is usually independent of the source of the alleged truth.

The scandal of philosophy is that we might not know anything at all about reality if we think of reality as independent of our perceptions, ideas or descriptions.

The actions taken on the basis of presumed knowledge are rational and justifiable if we are confident that that knowledge is widely held.

For the sceptic, if we think of reality as independent of our perceptions, ideas or descriptions, we should aim to know that reality independently too.

the arrow of time has not yet been tested for atomic clocks.

quantum computers are likely to produce more heat and, hence, more entropy, because of the emphasis on their clocks' accuracy.

grandfather clocks are likely to produce less heat and, hence, less entropy, because they are not as accurate.

a clock with a 50-nanometre-thick membrane of silicon nitride has been made to vibrate, producing electric currents.

The relationship between accuracy and entropy may not apply to all clocks.

Researchers found that the heat produced in a system is the price paid for increased accuracy of measurement.

There is no difference in accuracy between an inefficient grandfather clock and an atomic clock.

In designing clocks for quantum computers, both precision and heat have to be taken into account.

If you go faster in a car, you will tend to consume more fuel, but the converse is not necessarily true. In the same way, increased entropy does not necessarily mean greater accuracy of a clock.

The further you go in a car, the more fuel you use. In the same way, the faster you go in a car, the less time you use.

If you measure the speed of a car with a grandfather clock, the result will be different than if you measured it with an atomic clock.

The further and faster you go in a car, the greater the amount of fuel you will use, the greater the amount of heat produced and, hence, the greater the entropy.

Electric current; Heat; Quantum effects.

Silicon Nitride; Energy; Grandfather Clock.

Measuring Time; Accuracy; Entropy.

Membrane; Arrow of time; Entropy.

The clay incense burner with spiky appliques was categorised only as a person and not as a tree by the Classic Maya.

Unlike modern societies equipped with mobile phones, the Classic Maya did not have any communicating objects.

Classic Maya songs represent both humans and non-living objects as characters, talking and interacting with each other.

The personhood of the incense burner and the stone chopper was a function of their usefulness to humans.

The example adds a new layer to the nonbinary understanding of personhood by bringing in a third category that shares a similar relation with the previous two.

The example provides an exception to the nonbinary understanding of personhood that the passage had hitherto established.

The example adds a new layer to the nonbinary understanding of personhood by bringing in a third category that shares a dissimilar relation with the previous two.

The example complicates the nonbinary understanding of personhood by bringing in the sacred, establishing the porosity of the divine and the profane.

A tribe that perceives its hunting weapons as sacred person-artefacts because of their significance to its survival.

A tribe that perceives plants as person-plants because they form an ecosystem and are marked by needs of nutrition.

A futuristic society that perceives robots to be persons as well as robots because of their similarity to humans.

A tribe that perceives its utensils as person-utensils in light of their functionality and bodily needs.

They believed that animals like cats and dogs that live in proximity to humans have a more clearly articulated personhood.

While they believed in the personhood of objects and plants, they did not believe in the personhood of rivers and animals.

They understood the stone implement and the incense burner in a purely human form.

They depicted their human healers with physical attributes of local medicinal plants.

The discovery of the unconscious as a part of the human mind.

The growing vocabulary of the soul and the mind, as diverse processes.

The collating of diverse ideas under the single term: unconscious.

The identification of the unconscious as an object of psychical research.

All of the options listed here.

Time-honored expressions and traditional catchwords were enriched by literary and intellectual language.

Literary and intellectual language was altered by time-honored expressions and traditional catchwords.

The meanings of time-honored expressions were changed by innovations in literary and intellectual language.

Unconscious; Latent conception; Dreams.

Literary language; Unconscious; Insanity.

Language; Unconscious; Psychoanalysis.

Imagination; Magnetism; Psychiatry.

Without the linguistic developments of the nineteenth century, the growth of understanding of the soul and the mind may not have happened.

Eighteenth century thinkers were the first to perceive a connection between creative genius and insanity.

New conceptions in the nineteenth century could provide new knowledge because of the establishment of fields such as anaesthesiology.

Unrelated practices began to be treated as related to each other, as knowledge of the mind grew in the nineteenth century.

Making the payment with the appropriate weight of grain.

Paying with a faded bolt of cloth that has approximately the same value.

Using coins issued by the government to make the payment.

Cutting one-eighth of the fabric from a new bolt to pay the amount.

reliable transportation.

reliable quality.

reliable measurements.

reliable supply.

Currency that deteriorated easily was not used for official work.

Copper coins were more valuable and durable than textiles.

Grains were the most used currency because of government requirements.

Currency usage was similar to that of modern times.

it uses different materials as currency.

it uses different currencies for different situations.

its currencies fluctuate in value over time.

it is undergoing transformation.

Sight becomes a meaningful visual experience because of covenants of meaningfulness that we establish with the images we see.

Images are meaningful visual experiences when they have a foundation of covenants seeing them.

Sight as a meaningful visual experience is possible when there is a foundational condition established in images of covenants.

The way we experience sight is through images operated on by meaningful covenants.

visual culture is not just about how we see, but also about how our visual practices can impact and change the world.

artifacts are meaningful precisely because they help to construct the meanings of the world for us.

understanding the structures of perception is an important part of understanding how visual cultures work.

studying visual culture requires institutional structures without which the structures of perception cannot be analysed.

Overarching collections of images.

Visual phenomena of epic proportions.

Phenomena amenable to analysis.

Phenomena supplemental to the evidence.

Socially existing beings cannot be analysed, unlike the art of Michelangelo or Leonardo which can.

Social analytical accounts of people like Michelangelo or Leonardo cannot explain their genius.

Michelangelo or Leonardo cannot be subjected to social analysis because of their genius.

No analyses exist of Michelangelo’s or Leonardo’s social accounts.

Visual Culture, Aesthetic Value, Lay Audience, Visual Experience.

Visual Construction of Reality, Work of Genius, Ethnography, Epiphenomena.

Imagery, Visual Practices, Lifeworlds, Structures of Perception.

Scholars, Social Analysis, Michelangelo and Leonardo, Interpretive Devices.

The development of the renewable energy sector is a double-edged sword.

Renewable energy systems are not democratic unless they are corporate-controlled.

Renewable energy produced at the household or neighbourhood level is more efficient than mass-produced forms of energy.

Most forms of renewable energy are not profitable investments for institutional investors.

The author has reservations about the consequences of renewable energy systems

The author has reservations about the consequences of non-renewable energy systems.

The author does not think renewable energy systems can be as efficient as non-renewable energy systems.

The author’s only reservation is about the profitability of renewable energy systems.

Renewable energy systems are as expensive as non-renewable energy systems.

Renewable energy systems have little or no environmental impact.

Renewable energy systems are not as profitable as non-renewable energy systems.

The production and distribution of renewable energy through small-scale, local systems is not economically sustainable.

The example of agricultural finance helps us to see how to concentrate corporate activity in the renewable energy sector.

One reason for the perpetuation of social injustice lies in the problem of the disposal of toxic waste.

Marginalised people in Africa, Asia and Latin America have often been the main sufferers of corporate mineral extraction projects

The possible negative impacts of renewable energy need to be studied before it can be offered as a financial investment opportunity.

More stringent global policies and regulations to ensure a more just system of toxic waste disposal.

The study of the coexistence of marginalised people with their environments.

Encouragement for the development of more environment-friendly carbon-based fuels.

The localised, small-scale development of renewable energy systems.

The author’s preoccupation with the economic crisis is not less than two years old.

The author is preoccupied with the economic crisis because he is being followed.

The economic crisis outlasted the author’s preoccupation with it.

The author has witnessed many economic crises by travelling a lot for two years

The aftermath of the crisis will strengthen the central ideology of individualism in the
Western world

Whoever you are, you would be crazy to think that there is no crisis.

In the decades to come, other ideologies will emerge in the aftermath of the crisis.

The ideology of individualism must be set aside in order to deal with the crisis.

Economic policies that are more sensitively calibrated to the fluctuations of the
market.

An educational curriculum that promotes economic research

An educational curriculum that promotes developing financial literacy in the masses.

The complete nationalisation of all financial institutions

The failure of economic systems does not necessarily mean the failure of their ideologies.

The difficulty with understanding financial matters is that they have become so arcane.

The story of the economic crisis is also one about international relations, global financial security, and mass psychology.

Economic crises could be averted by changing prevailing ideologies and beliefs.

The huge gap between science and the arts has steadily narrowed over time.

The economic crisis was not a failure of collective action to rectify economic problems.

Most people are yet to gain any real understanding of the workings of the financial world.

The global economic crisis lasted for more than two years.

male northern elephant seals might not have exhibited dialects had they not become nearly extinct in the nineteenth century.

changes in population and migration had no effect on the call pulse rate of individual male northern elephant seals.

the influx of new northern elephant seals into Año Nuevo Island would have soon made the call pulse rate of its male seals exceed that of those at Isla Guadalupe.

the average call pulse rate of male northern elephant seals at Año Nuevo Island increased from the early 1970s till the disappearance of dialects.

Besides Isla Guadalupe, there was one more surviving colony with the same average male call tempo from which no migration took place.

The call tempo of individual male seals in host colonies changed to match the average call tempo of immigrant male seals.

Besides Isla Guadalupe, there was one more founder colony with the same average male call tempo from which male seals migrated to various other colonies.

The call tempo of individual immigrant male seals changed to match the average tempo of resident male seals in the host colony.

Owing to migrations in the aftermath of near species extinction, the average call pulse rates in the recolonised breeding locations exhibited a gradual increase until they matched the tempo at the founding colony.

The calls have transformed from exhibiting simple composition, less individual variety, and great regional variety to complex composition, great individual variety, and less regional variety.

Owing to migrations in the aftermath of near species extinction, the calls have transformed from exhibiting complex composition, less individual variety, and great regional variety to simple composition, less individual variety, and great regional variety.

The calls have transformed from exhibiting simple composition, great individual variety, and less regional variety to complex composition, less individual variety, and great regional variety.

the male northern elephant seals of Isla Guadalupe with faster call pulse rates might have been the original settlers of the southern rookeries.

a large number of male northern elephant seals migrated from the southern rookeries to Año Nuevo Island in the early 1970s.

a large number of male northern elephant seals from Año Nuevo Island might have migrated to the southern rookeries to recolonise them.

the calls of male northern elephant seals in the southern rookeries have more sophisticated structures, containing doublets and triplets.

The failure of the French Revolution was because of its betrayal by the new class of politicians who emerged from it.

For anarchists, the state is the enemy because all states apply violence and terror to maintain their control.

Individualist anarchism is actually constituted of many streams, all of which focus on the autonomy of the individual.

The popular perception of anarchism as espousing lawlessness and violence comes from a mainstream mistrust of collectivism.

The new ruling class was constituted mainly of anarchists who were against the destructive impact of the Revolution on the market.

The anarchists did not want a new ruling class, but were not politically strong enough to stop them.

The new ruling class struck a deal with the old ruling class to share power between them.

The new ruling class rode to power on the strength of the workers’ revolutionary anger, but then turned to oppress that very class.

Both prioritise individual autonomy; but the former also emphasise mutual dependence, while the latter do not do so.

Both reject the regulatory power of the state; but the former favour a people’s state, while the latter favour state intervention in markets.

Both have sophisticated arguments for capitalism; but the former argue for a morally upright capitalism, while the latter argue that the market is the only morality

Both are founded on the moral principles of altruism; but the latter conceive of the market as a force too mystical for the former to comprehend.

Anarchism, State, Individual, Freedom.

Revolution, State, Strike, Egoism.

Revolution, State, Protection, Liberals.

Anarchism, Betrayal, Power, State.

They all derive from the work of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.

They are all opposed to the centralisation of power in the state.

They all focus on the primacy of the power of the individual.

There is no idea common to all forms of anarchism; that is why it is anarchic.

most people agree with Hobbes’ pessimistic view of human nature as being intrinsically untrustworthy and selfish.

Hobbes and Rousseau disagreed on the fundamental nature of humans, but both believed in the need for a strong state.

Bregman agrees with Hobbes that firm leadership is needed to ensure property rights and regulate strife.

the author of the review believes in the veneer theory of human nature.

a time that enables changes in societies and cultures.

a sign of regression in society’s trajectory.

resulting from a breakdown in the veneer of human nature.

a temporary phase which can be rectified by social action.

advocate the promotion of less complex societies as a basis for greater security and prosperity

highlight the enormous impact that settled farming had on population growth

make the argument that an environmentally conscious lifestyle is a more harmonious way of living.

bolster his argument that people are basically decent, but progress as we know it can make them selfish.

the role of agriculture in the advancement of knowledge.

the role of pathogens in the spread of infectious diseases.

a property-less mode of living being socially harmonious.

a civilised society being coercive and unjust.

An understanding of grammar helps a writer decide if she/he is writing well or not.

Regarding grammar, women writers tend to be more attentive to method and
accuracy.

It has been observed that writers sometimes disregard the rules of rhetoric.

Perish the thought that complete sentences necessarily need nouns and verbs!

Take any vegetable, put some spices in it, and you have a dish

Take an apple tree, plant it in a field, and you have an orchard.

A group of nouns arranged in a row becomes a sentence.

A collection of people with the same sports equipment is a sports team.

“The telling clause here is Unless he is certain of doing well.”

“Bad grammar produces bad sentences.”

“Strunk and White caution against too many simple sentences in a row, but simple sentences provide a path you can follow when you fear getting lost in the tangles of rhetoric . . .”

“Nouns and verbs are the two indispensable parts of writing. Without one of each, no group of words can be a sentence . . .”

sentences do not always have to be complete.

the subject-predicate relation is the same as the noun-verb relation.

the primary purpose of grammar is to ensure that sentences remain simple.

“Grammar Police” is a metaphor for critics who focus on linguistic rules.

The availability of language software that will standardise the rules of grammar as an aid to writers.

A campaign demanding that a writer’s creative license should allow the breaking of grammatical rules.

A Creative Writing course that focuses on how to avoid the use of rhetoric.

The critique of standardised rules of punctuation and capitalisation.

facetious, about the hardships of peasant life in medieval England.

analytical, to explain the contrasts between peasant and pirate life in medieval England.

ironic, about the reasons why so many took to piracy in medieval times.

indignant, at the scale of wealth successful pirates could amass in medieval times.

Lehr does not assign adequate blame to empire builders for their past deeds.

the disorganised piracy of today is no match for the organised piracy of the past.

Vasco da Gama and the East India Company laid the ground for modern piracy.

colonialism should be considered an organised form of piracy.

if we eliminate poverty and income disparities in affected regions.

through international cooperation in enforcing stringent deterrents.

through lucrative welfare schemes to improve the lives of people in affected regions.

through the extensive deployment of technology to track ships and cargo.

decreased surveillance of the high seas.

the high rewards via ransoms for successful piracy attempts.

the growth in international shipping with globalisation.

colonialism’s disruption of historic ties among countries.

awareness of gender issues in Victorian society

knowledge of class tensions in Victorian society

perspective that they bring to their research

awareness of the ways in which identity is formed

showed participation in local traditions.

developed the male protagonists’ desire for independence

presented travellers’ discovery of their identity as different from others.

celebrated the freedom that travel gives.

they developed a feminist perspective of the world.

they were from the progressive middle- and upper-classes of society.

they were on a quest to discover their diverse identities.

their identity was redefined when they were away from home.

argued that cultural imperialism was more significant than colonial domination.

explained the difference between the representation of people and the actual fact

illustrated how narrow minded and racist westerners were

demonstrated how cultural imperialism was used to justify colonial domination.

political journalism

feminist writing

autobiographical writing.

historical fiction.

It is shown to have adverse effects on young children’s learning

It increases human contact as it fills an isolation void.

It can cause depression in viewers.

It is designed to be addictive.

“Gmail is the same Gmail. And it’s all free.”

“How comfortable someone is with human engagement could become a new class marker.”

“. . . screens are filling a crucial void.”

“. . . studies show that time on these advertisement-support platforms is unhealthy .

pushing for greater privacy while working with advertisement-support platforms to mine data.

concealing the findings of psychologists and neuroscientists on screen-time use from the public.

developing new work-efficiency programmes while lobbying for the “right to disconnect” bill.

promoting screen time in public schools while opting for a screen-free education for their own children.

screens provide social contact in an increasingly isolating world

there is a growth in computer-based teaching in public schools

some workers face punitive action if they are not online

with falling costs, people are streaming more content on their devices

a common theory of aggression is that it is the result of an abnormally low neural regulation of testosterone.

if the alleged aggressive act is not sought to be avoided, it cannot really be considered aggression.

Freud’s theory of aggression proposes that aggression results from the suppression of aggressive urges.

the Freudian theory of suicide as self-inflicted aggression implies that an aggressive act need not be sought to be avoided in order for it to be considered aggression.

Aggressor - Circumstances of aggression - Victim.

Psychologically - Sociologically - Medically.

Hostile - Instrumental - Hormonal.

Extreme - Moderate - Mild.

In certain kinds of aggression, inflicting pain is not the objective, and is no more than a utilitarian means to achieve another end.

Information revealed by subjecting an enemy combatant to torture is not always reliable because of the animosity involved.

When an enemy combatant refuses to reveal information, the use of torture can sometimes involve real feelings of hostility.

The use of torture to extract information is most effective when the torturer is not emotionally involved in the torture.

men in general are believed to be more hormonally driven to exhibit violence than women.

several studies indicate that aggression may have roots in the biological condition of humanity.

aggression in most societies is kept under control through moderating the death instinct identified by Freud.

the nature of aggression can vary depending on several factors, including intent.

The cost of the colonial state’s eminence was not settled; therefore, it took the initiative of introducing modernity into Indian society.

The colonial enterprise was a costly one; so to justify the cost it began to take initiatives to introduce the logic of modernity into Indian society.

The colonial state’s eminence was unsettled by its marginal position; therefore, it developed Indian society by modernising it.

The colonial state felt marginalised from Indian society because of its own modernity; therefore, it sought to address that marginalisation by bringing its modernity to change Indian society.

throughout the history of colonial conquest, natives have often been experimented on by the colonisers.

modernity was imposed upon India by the British and, therefore, led to underdevelopment.

the change in British colonial policy was induced by resistance to modernity in Indian society.

the introduction of capitalism in India was not through the transformation of feudalism, as happened in Europe.

allowed some to consider the colonies as experimental sites.

faced resistance from existing structural forms of Indian modernity.

was at least partly an outcome of Enlightenment rationalism.

was at least partly shaped by the project of European modernity.

Colonial policy—Enlightenment—external modernity—subjection — underdevelopment.

Military power—colonialism—restructuring—feudalism—capitalism.

Military power—arrogance—laboratory—modernity—capitalism.

Colonial policy—arrogant rationality—resistance—independence—development.

Colonised societies cannot be changed through logic; they need to be transformed with external force.

The transformation of Indian society did not happen organically, but was forced by colonial agendas.

The endogenous logic of colonialism can only bring change if it attacks and transforms external forces.

Indian society is not endogamous; it is more accurately characterised as aggressively exogamous.

Google takes down advertisements on its website hosting CyArk’s scanned images.

There is a ban on CyArk scanning archeological sites located in other countries.

CyArk uploads its scanned images of archaeological sites onto museum websites only.

CyArk does not own the copyright on scanned images of archaeological sites.

the scanning process can damage delicate frescos and statues at the sites.

CyArk and Google have not shared the details of digitisation with the host countries.

countries where the scanned sites are located do not own the scan copyrights.

CyArk and Google have been scanning images without copyright permission from host countries.

It helps preserve precious images in case the sites are damaged or destroyed.

It enables people who cannot physically visit these sites to experience them.

It provides images free of cost to all users.

It allows a large corporation to project itself as a protector of culture.

uneasy about the marketing of archaeological images for commercial use by firms such as Google and CyArk.

dismissive of laypeople’s access to specialist images of archaeological and cultural sites.

critical about the links between a non-profit and a commercial tech platform for distributing archaeological images.

opposed to the use of digital technology in archaeological and cultural sites in developing countries.

tourists uploading photos of monuments onto social media.

the seizing of ancient Egyptian artefacts by a Western museum.

the illegal downloading of content from the internet.

digital platforms capturing users’ data for market research.

Diyab’s narration of the original story to Galland.

Diyab’s humble origins and class struggles, as recounted in his travelogue.

Diyab’s description of the wealth of Versailles in his travelogue.

Diyab’s cosmopolitanism and cross-cultural experience.

The traveller's experience that inspired the tale of Aladdin resonates even today.

The archetype of the rags-to-riches story of Aladdin makes it popular even today.

The tale of Aladdin documents the history of Europe and Middle East.

The story of Aladdin is evidence of the eighteenth century French Orientalist attitude.

The narrative sensibility of Diyab’s travelogue.

Galland’s acknowledgment of Diyab in his diary.

The story-line of many French fairy tales of the 18th century.

The depiction of the affluence of Versailles in Diyab’s travelogue.

Basing it on his own life experiences, Diyab transmitted the story of Aladdin to Galland who included it in Arabian Nights.

Galland derived the story of Aladdin from Diyab’s travelogue in which he recounts his fascination with the wealth of Versailles.

The story of Aladdin has its origins in an undiscovered, incomplete manuscript of a medieval Arabic collection of stories.

Galland received the story of Aladdin from Diyab who, in turn, found it in an incomplete medieval manuscript.

Diyab’s travelogue described the affluence of the French city of Bordeaux, instead of Versailles.

The French fairy tales of the eighteenth century did not have rags-to-riches plot lines like that of the tale of Aladdin.

The description of opulence in Hanna Diyab’s and Antoine Galland’s narratives bore no resemblance to each other.

Galland acknowledged in the published translations of Arabian Nights that he heard the story of Aladdin from Diyab.

They are exceptions to a dominant trend in consumer markets.

They are increasing the purchasing power of poor Americans.

They might transform into what they were exceptions to.

They are facilitating a uniform distribution of commodities in the market.

the annual sale of companies that hired lifestyle influencers on Instagram for marketing their products were 40% less than those that did not.

product options increased market competition, bringing down the prices of commodities, which, in turn, increased purchasing power of the poor.

the empowerment felt by purchasers in buying a commodity were directly proportional to the number of options they could choose from.

the annual sales growth of companies with fewer product options were higher than that of companies which curated their products for target consumers.

having too many product options can be overwhelming for consumers.

too many options have made it difficult for consumers to trust products.

consumers tend to prefer products by start-ups over those by established companies.

consumers are susceptible to marketing images that they see on social media.

A range of 10 products priced between $5 and $10.

A range of 25 products priced between $5 and $10.

A range of 10 products priced between $10 and $25.

A range of 25 products priced between $10 and $25.

An exponential surge in their sales enables start-ups to meet their desired profit goals without expanding their product catalogue.

Start-ups with few product options are no exception to the American consumer market that is deeply divided along class lines.

With Casper and Glossier venturing into new product ranges, their regular customers start losing trust in the companies and their products.

With the motive of promoting certain rival companies, the government decides to double the tax-rates for these start-ups.

Food metabolism.

Plumage.

Reproduction process.

Thermal convection.

the penguins’ plumage were made of a material that did not allow any heat transfer through convection or radiation.

the average temperature of the feet of penguins in the month of June 2008 were found to be 2.76 degrees Fahrenheit.

the average air temperature recorded during the month of June 2008 in the area of study were -10 degrees Fahrenheit.

the temperature of the plumage on the penguins’ heads, chests and backs were found to be 1.84, 7.24 and 9.76 degrees Fahrenheit respectively.

Keeping their body colder helps penguins keep their plumage warmer.

Heat gain through radiation happens despite the heat loss through convection.

Heat loss through radiation happens despite the heat gain through convection.

Keeping a part of their body colder helps penguins keep their bodies warmer.

the cold Antarctic air whose temperature is higher than that of the plumage AND the fall in temperature of the Antarctic air after it has transmitted some heat to the plumage.

the cold Antarctic air which becomes warmer because of the heat radiated out from penguins’ bodies AND the fall in temperature of the surrounding air after thermal convection.

the air trapped in the plumage which is warmer than the Antarctic air AND the fall in temperature of the trapped plumage air after it radiates out some heat.

the air inside penguins’ bodies kept warm because of metabolism of food AND the fall in temperature of the body air after it transfers some heat to the plumage.

based on political expediency.

to promote their trading interests.

where they had the densest populations.

to showcase their power and prestige.

a rise in pollution levels and congestion in the new locations.

the difficulty of attracting talented, well-skilled people in more remote areas.

increased avenues of corruption away from the capital city.

high staff losses, as people may not be prepared to move to smaller towns.

has become common practice in several countries worldwide.

is supported by politicians and the ruling elites.

takes a long time to achieve its intended outcomes.

is not a new idea and has been tried in the past.

It could weaken the nexus between bureaucrats and media in the capital.

More independence could be enjoyed by regulatory bodies located away from political centres.

Policy makers may benefit from fresh thinking in a new environment.

It reduces expenses as infrastructure costs and salaries are lower in smaller cities.

keeping government agencies in the largest city with good infrastructure or moving them to a remote area with few amenities.

relocating government agencies to boost growth in remote areas with poor amenities or to relatively larger cities with good amenities.

encouraging private enterprises to relocate to smaller towns or not incentivising them in order to keep government costs in those towns low.

concentrating on decongesting large cities or focusing on boosting employment in relatively larger cities.

The ups and downs involved in the course of learning a language.

Language’s ability to mediate the impact of identity markers one is born with.

The twists and turns in the evolution of language over time.

Language’s intrinsic connection to our notions of self and identity.

The author would discourage the ethnographer from conducting the study as Nigerian ethnographers can better understand the tribe.

The author would encourage the ethnographer, but ask him/her to first learn the language of the Nigerian tribe s/he wishes to study.

The author would encourage the ethnographer, but ask him/her to be mindful of his/her racial and gender identity in the process.

The author would encourage the ethnographer and recommend him/her to hire a good translator for the purpose of holding interviews.

Globalisation has mitigated cultural hierarchies and barriers.

Orientalism is a discourse of the past, from colonial times, rarely visible today.

Goodwill alone mitigates cultural hierarchies and barriers.

Learning another language can mitigate cultural hierarchies and barriers.

Language is insufficient to bridge cultural barriers.

Empathy can overcome identity politics.

Linguistic politics can be erased.

Orientalism cannot be practiced by Egyptians.

manner in which environments are designed to minimise the social exclusion of their clientele.

introduction of nationalist projects by such elites to produce a sense of dread or topophobia.

social exclusivism practised by such residents in order to enforce a sense of racial or class superiority.

sensitive response to race and class problems in upscale residential developments.

Scientists have found that most creatures, including humans, are either born with or cultivate a strong sense of topography.

The tendency of many cultures to represent their land as “motherland” or “fatherland” may be seen as an expression of their topophilia

Nomadic societies are known to have the least affinity for the lands through which they traverse because they tend to be topophobic.

The French are not overly patriotic, but they will refuse to use English as far as possible, even when they know it well.

The deep anomie of modern urbanisation led to new urbanism’s intricate sense of place.

Architects have to objectively quantify spaces and hence cannot be topophilic.

Philosopher-architects are uniquely suited to develop topophilic design

People’s responses to their environment are usually subjective and so cannot be rendered in design.

to represent a feeling of dread towards particular spaces and places.

to signify the fear of studying the complex discipline of topography.

to signify feelings of fear or anxiety towards topophilic people.

as a metaphor expressing the failure of the homeland to accommodate non-citizens.

New Urbanism succeeded in those designs where architects collaborated with their clients.

Generally speaking, in a given culture, the ties of the people to their environment vary little in significance or intensity.

The most important, even fundamental, response to our environment is our tactile and olfactory response.

Patriotism, usually seen as a positive feeling, is presented by the author as a darker form of topophilia.

do not consider cities to be eco-friendly places.

consider cities to be very crowded and polluted.

do not regard cities as good places to live in.

regard cities as places of disease and crime.

explain how urban areas help the environment.

describe the infrastructure efficiencies of living in a city.

promote cities as employment hubs for people.

explain where cities source their labour for factories.

they recycle material.

their transportation is energy efficient.

their streets are kept clean.

they sort out garbage.

Sorting through rubbish contributes to the rapid spread of diseases in the slums.

The high density of cities leads to an increase in carbon dioxide and global warming.

The compactness of big cities in the West increases the incidence of violent crime.