Azeotropic Mixtures

Concept: Binary liquid mixtures having the same composition in both liquid and vapour phases, boiling at a constant temperature without undergoing fractional distillation.

Minimum Boiling Azeotrope: * Formed by non-ideal solutions showing large positive deviations from Raoult's Law.

• Boiling point of the azeotrope is lower than that of either pure component.
• Example: Ethanol ($$95\%$$) + Water ($$5\%$$) mixture.

Maximum Boiling Azeotrope: * Formed by non-ideal solutions showing large negative deviations from Raoult's Law.

• Boiling point of the azeotrope is higher than that of either pure component.
• Example: Nitric acid ($$68\%$$) + Water ($$32\%$$) mixture.