What is Archipelago?
TISSNET 2014
For the following questions answer them individually
What is the main feature of the Dead sea ?
Theodolite is a precision instrument used for measuring ?
Which of these is a name never used to describe India in the ancient period ?
Which of the following dynasties was a Brahmin dynasty ?
The grand constructions of Madurai are attributed to which dynasty?
Who was the first Sultan of Delhi?
Meru which is to be considered to be the abode of Lord Vishnu is to be found today in which one of the following countries?
In which year did the Glorious revolution occurred in England ?
Who actually wrote the Declaration of Independence of America?
As per the American declaration of Independence the true meaning of freedom of speech is referred to
Adolf Hitler's rule in Germany is referred to as
The head of the Church of England or the Protestant church is
Which of the following as a French Monarchial Dynasty?
Russian revolution of 1917 is called as
Who among the following has been the Brand Ambassador of National Tobacco Control Campaign?
Which one of the following is not a G-4 country?
Who among the following is the Chairman of the Government of India’s ‘National Ganga River Basin Authority’?
The world Consumer's Rights day is celebrated across the world on?
Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar converted to Buddhism in the following year
____________ has been on a fast for over a decade to protest against the Armed Forces Special Powers Act in Manipur.
The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 applies to
The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) that was in the news for the controversy over issue of alleged Human Rights violations was hosted by?
Recent decision of the Supreme Court to give Indian voters an option for negative voting is called?
The 16th Non-Alignment summit was held in 2012 was hosted by one of these countries?
The Supreme Court of India recently gave a verdict against one of the following companies on patent claims for cancer drugs?
The painting ‘Hamsa Damayanti’ is a masterpiece of ?
“India wins Freedom” is an autobiography written by?
The author of the novel “Walden Two” is?
Which among the following economists is the author of the book ‘Development as Freedom’?
On a certain day when interviews for Master Degree courses were going on, it was found that 35 students attended interviews for MA Education, 47 students attended interviews for MSW and among the 2 groups, 12 students attended both. What is the total number of students who attended either of the interviews?
Solution
Share
Let a = students who attended only MA
b= students who attended only MSW
c= students who attended both
a+c= 35
b+c = 47
c= 12
=> a=23 and b= 35
Total = a+b+c = 23 + 35 + 12 = 70
Among a group of 60 people who like Indian classical music, 38 like Hindustani music & 46 like Carnatic music. How many like both Hindustani & Carnatic?
Solution
Let a= only Carnatic music, b= only hindustani, c= both
a+b+c = 60
a+c = 46
b+c = 38
=> b=14
=> a=22
=> c= 24
Riaz distributes 20 copies of The Hindu and 25 copies of Deccan Chronicle in an apartment building that has 40 apartments. If he distributes at least one newspaper to each apartment, the number of apartments that buy only The Hindu is
Solution
Let a = Apartments where only Hindu was distributed
b = Apartments where the only DC was distributed
c= both
a+c = 20
b+c = 25
a+b+c = 40
=> b= 20,a=15 and c= 5
Only hindu =15
Among a group of children, 6 children like only chocolate ice cream and 5 children like only butter scotch ice cream and 5 like either of the two. If each child gets an ice cream, how many ice creams should we order?
Solution
Children who like only chocolate ice cream = 6
Children who like only butter scotch ice cream = 5
Children who like both chocolate and butter scotch = 5
The given data can be represented in the Venn diagram as shown below
$$\therefore\ $$Total number of ice creams to be ordered = 6 + 5 + 5 = 16
Hence, the correct answer is Option C
Of the 850 students who wrote an entrance examination at a center, 550 did very well in the Mathematics and Logical reasoning paper, 600 did very well in English language proficiency and 350 did very well in both. How many students did not do very well in Mathematics and Logical reasoning?
Solution
It is given that there are a total of 850 students, 550 did well in mathematics and logical reasoning paper and 600 did well in English language proficiency paper and 350 did well in both.
Number of students who did not do well in mathematics and logical reasoning paper would simply be
Total students - Number of students who did well in Mathematics and logical reasoning paper i.e. 850 - 550 = 300.
Find the odd one out:
24, 42, 54, 62, 78
Solution
24 = $$2^3\times3^1$$ $$\Rightarrow$$ Number of factors = 4 x 2 = 8
42 = $$2^1\times3^1\times7^1$$ $$\Rightarrow$$ Number of factors = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8
54 = $$2^1\times3^3$$ $$\Rightarrow$$ Number of factors = 2 x 4 = 8
62 = $$2^1\times31^1$$ $$\Rightarrow$$ Number of factors = 2 x 2 = 4
78 = $$2^1\times3^1\times13^1$$ $$\Rightarrow$$ Number of factors = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8
Number of factors of all numbers except 62 is 8.
$$\therefore\ $$62 is the odd one among the given numbers.
Hence, the correct answer is Option C
What is the next number in the series
5, 7, 10, 14, 19, …
Solution
In the series,
7 - 5 = 2
10 - 7 = 3
14 - 10 = 4
19 - 14 = 5
The difference between the consecutive numbers in the series is increasing by 1. The next difference between the numbers should be 6.
Let the next number in the series = a
$$\Rightarrow$$ a - 19 = 6
$$\Rightarrow$$ a = 25
$$\therefore\ $$Next number in the series = 25
Hence, the correct answer is Option A
Find the odd one out:
6, 12, 20, 26, 30
Solution
The logic here is
$$6=2\times3$$
$$12=3\times4$$
$$20=4\times5$$
$$30=5\times6$$
All numbers except 26 are product of consecutive numbers.
$$\therefore\ $$26 is the odd one among the given numbers.
What is the next number in the series
3, 10, 29, 66….
Solution
In the series,
$$3=1+2=1^3+2$$
$$10=8+2=2^3+2$$
$$29=27+2=3^3+2$$
$$66=64+2=4^3+2$$
The numbers of the series are in the form of $$n^3+2$$
$$\therefore\ $$Next number in the series $$=5^3+2=125+2=127$$
Hence, the correct answer is Option B
Find the odd one out
204, 315, 425, 531, 624
Solution
Sum of digits of 204 = 2 + 0 + 4 = 6
Sum of digits of 315 = 3 + 1 + 5 = 9
Sum of digits of 425 = 4 + 2 + 5 = 11
Sum of digits of 531 = 5 + 3 + 1 = 9
Sum of digits of 624 = 6 + 2 + 4 = 12
Sum of digits of 204, 315, 531, 624 is divisible by 3 so 204, 315, 531, 624 are divisible by 3.
Sum of digits of 425 is not divisible by 3 so 425 is not divisible by 3.
$$\therefore\ $$425 is the odd one among the given numbers.
Hence, the correct answer is Option C
Look at this series: 664, 332, 340, 170, …, 89.
What number should fill the blank?
Solution
In the given series,
$$\frac{664}{2}=332$$
$$332+8=340$$
$$\frac{340}{2}=170$$
$$170+8=178$$
$$\frac{178}{2}=89$$
The numbers in the series are divided by 2 and added with 8 alternately as shown above.
$$\therefore\ $$The required number in the series = 178
Hence, the correct answer is Option D
Using digits 5, 3, 2, 1 without repetition, how many four digit odd numbers can be made?
Solution
To form an odd number, units digit can be filled by either 1,3,5 in 3 ways.
The remaining places can be filled in 3! ways
Total number of odd numbers that can be made = 3! x 3 = 6 x 3 = 18
Using the digits 6,5,4,3,2,1 without repetition, how many three digit numbers can one make?
Solution
The first place can be chosen in 6 ways.
The second-place can be chosen in 5 ways
The third-place can be chosen in 4 ways.
Total = 6 x 5 x 4 = 120
In how many ways can four people be seated at a circular dining table?
Solution
n people can be seated in (n-1)! ways in circular arrangements.
$$\therefore\ $$Number of ways in which four people can be seated at a circular dining table = (4-1)! = 3! = 6
Hence, the correct answer is Option A
MA education students have to choose one pedagogy course from an option of three (Mathematics, Science and Language) and one thematic course from an option of two (Leadership, Social justice) along with the compulsory courses. How many different combinations of optional courses are possible?
Solution
Number of ways to choose one pedagogy course from an option of three = $$C^3_1=3$$
Number of ways to choose one thematic course from an option of two = $$C^2_1=2$$
=> Total ways = $$3\times2=6$$
=> Ans - (D)
If 6 people working 8 hours a day can finish a work in 12 days, how many days will it take for 4 people working 8 hours a day to finish the same work?
Solution
Using $$M_1D_1H_1$$ $$=M_2D_2H_2$$
Let time taken be $$D_2$$
=> $$6\times8\times12=4\times8\times D_2$$
=> $$D_2=6\times3=18$$ days
=> Ans - (D)
If 8 people work 8 hours a day and finish a work in 8 days, how long will it take to finish the work if 4 people work 4 hours a day?
Solution
Using $$M_1D_1H_1$$ $$=M_2D_2H_2$$
Let time taken be $$D_2$$
=> $$8\times8\times8=4\times D_2\times4$$
=> $$D_2=4\times8=32$$ days
=> Ans - (D)
If machine A needs 2 hours to finish a work, machine B 3 hours and machine C 6 hours to finish the same work, how long will it take for machines A, B and C to complete the work if they work simultaneously?
Solution
Time taken by machines A, B and C respectively is 2,3 and 6 hours
=> Time taken by all working together = $$\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{6}$$
= $$\frac{6}{6}=1$$ hour
=> Ans - (C)
A and B working together finish a work in 6 hours. A can finish the work in 10 hours. How long will it take for B to finish the same work alone?
Solution
A and B working together finish a work in 6 hours.
Time taken by A alone = 10 hours
=> Time taken by B alone = $$\frac{1}{6}-\frac{1}{10}=\frac{4}{60}=\frac{1}{15}$$
$$\therefore$$ B takes 15 hours to finish the work.
=> Ans - (A)
A car takes 25 minutes to travel from one point to another at an average speed of 40 km/hr. What is the approximate distance between the 2 points?
Solution
Spee of car = 40 km/hr and time taken = $$\frac{25}{60}$$ hrs
Distance = speed $$\times$$ time
= $$40\times\frac{25}{60}\approx17$$ km
=> Ans - (B)
It took Ramya 15 minutes more than the usual time to travel the distance from her home to office today. If her speed today was 2/3rd of her usual speed, what is the usual time it takes for her to travel the same distance?
Solution
Let usual speed be $$3x$$ m/min and speed today = $$2x$$ m/min
Let usual time taken be $$t$$ minutes, and time taken today = $$(t+15)$$ minutes
Since, speed is inversely proportional to time, => $$\frac{3x}{2x}=\frac{t+15}{t}$$
=> $$3t=2t+30$$
=> $$t=30$$ minutes
=> Ans - (D)
Rashmi got into a city bus at 12:50 pm and travelled a distance of about 27 kms and reached her destination at 1:35 pm. What is the average speed at which the bus was moving?
Solution
Time taken to travel 27 km = 45 minutes = 0.75 hours
=> Average speed = distance/time
= $$\frac{27}{0.75}=36$$ km/hr
=> Ans - (B)
In a larger circular pool of 20 feet diameter, two frogs start swimming from east and west ends of the pool (named A & C respectively) towards a worm on the northern edge of the pool at point B. What is the measure of the angle ABC?
Solution
The two frogs are at diametrically opposite ends, so when they go towards the worm at point B, it becomes a right angled triangle, as angle in a semi circle is right angle.
=> $$\angle ABC=90^\circ$$
=> Ans - (C)
If the sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon measures up to 1440 degrees, how many sides does the polygon have?
Solution
Let number of sides be $$n$$
Sum of interior angles = $$(n-2)\times180^\circ=1440^\circ$$
=> $$n-2=\frac{1440}{180}$$
=> $$n=8+2=10$$
=> Ans - (A)
A rectangular field has an area of 20 sq. km. If the perimeter of the field is 18 km, what is the length of the longer side of the field?
Solution
Let length and breadth of field be $$l$$ and $$b$$ km
Perimeter = $$2(l+b)=18$$
=> $$l+b=9$$ ----------------(i)
Area = $$lb=20$$ ------------(ii)
Substituting value from equation (i), we get : $$l(9-l)=20$$
=> $$l^2-9l+20=0$$
=> $$(l-5)(l-4)=0$$
=> $$l=5,4$$
$$\therefore$$ Length of longest side = 5 km
=> Ans - (D)
Ratio of men to women at a party was 6: 7. If there were 28 women, than calculate the total number of people at the party?
Solution
Ratio of men to women = 6 : 7
Total women = 28
=> Total number of people = $$\frac{13}{7}\times28=52$$
=> Ans - (C)
A certain amount of money is divided amongst three friends, Amar, Akbar and Anthony in the ratio $$2 : 3 : 7$$ respectively. If Anthony gets Rs. 15 more than Amar, how much money does Akbar get?
Solution
Let amount received by Amar, Akbar and Anthony = Rs. $$2x,3x$$ and $$7x$$ respectively
According to ques, => $$2x+15=7x$$
=> $$x=\frac{15}{5}=3$$
$$\therefore$$ Akbar's share = $$3\times3=Rs.$$ $$9$$
=> Ans - (B)
A metal is made of Copper, Zinc and Lead which were in the ratio of $$13 : 6 : 1$$. The mass of Zinc is 90 kg. What is the mass of copper in the metal?
Solution
Ratio of Copper, Zinc and Lead = $$13 : 6 : 1$$
Also, mass of Zinc = 90 kg
=> Mass of copper = $$\frac{13}{6}\times90=195$$ kg
=> Ans - (D)
Ramesh invests Rs. 1400 in an account that earns simple interest. After 9 months, the balance is Rs. 1421. What is the annual interest rate?
Solution
Principal amount = Rs. 1400, time period = 9 months and interest = Rs. 21
Simple interest = $$\frac{P\times R\times T}{100}$$
=> $$\frac{1400\times r\times9}{12\times100}=21$$
=> $$r=\frac{21\times12}{126}=2%$$
=> Ans - (A)
A sum of money amounts to Rs. 1352 in 2 years at 4% per annum of compound interest. What is the sum?
Solution
Amount = Rs. 1352 and rate of interest = 4% after 2 years
Amount under compound interest = $$P(1+\frac{r}{100})^t$$
=> $$P(1+\frac{4}{100})^2=1352$$
=> $$P\times\frac{676}{625}=1352$$
=> $$P=2\times625=Rs.$$ $$1250$$
=> Ans - (B)
A sum of money lent at simple interest amounts to Rs. 880 in 2 years and to Rs. 920 in 3 years. What is the sum of money?
Solution
Interest of 1 year = 920-880=Rs.40
Since, Principal = Amount - Interest
=> Principal (before 2 years) = $$880-40\times2=Rs.$$ $$800$$
=> Ans - (D)
If some bags are packets and no packet is a pouch.
Solution
All - T, F
No - T,T
Some - F,F
Some not - F,T
Some bags(F) are packets(F).
No packet(T) is a pouch(T)
Option A - No bag(T) is a pouch(T) -> bag cannot be true
Option B - similar
Option D - Some bags(F) are not pouches(T) -> bag cannot be true
Hence option C
What is the next item in the series: FAG, GAF, HAI, IAH,..
Solution
First letter = F- G-H-I-J
Second letter = A-A-A-A-A
The pattern for 3rd letter is... every two consecutive letters are interchanged
G-F , I-H. Hence the next letter should be K
What is the missing term in the following series: ELFA, GLHA, ILJA, ….., MLNA
Solution
First letter pattern - E,G,I,K and M ( alternate letters)
Second letter pattern - LLLLL
Third letter pattern - FHJLN ( alternate letters)
K L L A
Six bells commence tolling together and toll at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 seconds respectively. In 30 minutes, how many times do they toll together?
Solution
They toll together after every LCM(2,4,6,8,10,12) seconds = 120 seconds
In 30 min, $$\frac{30\cdot60}{120}\ =\ 15$$
15+1 = 16 times Because the first bell will be at 0000 hours. Then, second bell will be at 0002 hours and so on. Hence, the bell at the 0030 hours will be the 16th bell.
SHARD : GLASS
Solution
Shard is a broken piece of glass and crumb is broken piece of bread.
The answer is option C.
STRING : GUITAR
Solution
strings are essential to play a guitar. Similarly, board to play billiards.
The answer is option B.
MIRROR : REFLECTION
Solution
The given relation is that of an object and the action that it performs on an entity.
Only option A [Water : Refraction] has the same relation.
Hence, the answer is option A.
ASHEN : COLOR
Solution
The relation between "Ashen" and "Color" is that of an item and its category.
The only option that has the same relations is B [Insipid : Flavor].
Hence, the answer is option B.
AFTER : BEFORE
Solution
The relationship is that of "a position in future" to "a position in past".
Only option B has the same relation.
Hence, the answer is option B.
DESTITUTE : WEALTHY
Solution
Destitute is the antonym of wealthy. Among the given options, graceful is the antonym of tacky.
The answer is option C.
TACITURN:VOLUBLE
Solution
taciturn - reserved or uncommunicative in speech
voluble - talking fluently
taciturn is the antonym of voluble. Among the given options, work is the antonym of indolence.
The answer is option A.
I was certain she had visited this place because it was _________ with her smells.
Solution
redolent - full of specified fragrance
Among the given options, option D is the appropriate one.
The answer is option D.
After several ______ attempts to send the missile into space, the spacecraft was finally launched successfully.
Solution
The second part of the sentence says, "the spacecraft was finally launched successfully."
This means that the previous attempts were not successful.
Hence, option B is the most suitable answer.
All other issues are __________ to the need to provide food and medical supplies.
Solution
The tone of the sentence suggests that the "need to provide food and medical supplies" is more important than any other.
Option A: This word relates to subsistence, meaning barely surviving or self-sustaining. It doesn’t fit the context of prioritizing issues.
Option B: This is a geometric term meaning to extend under or opposite to (e.g., an angle or arc). It’s not relevant here
Option C: This means to include or absorb something into a larger category. While it might seem close, it doesn’t convey the sense of priority needed in the sentence.
Option D: "Subsidiary" means secondary or less important in relation to something else. This will provide the required meaning to the sentence.
Hence, the answer is option D.
Curiously enough instead of inviting _________ their deviousness was regarded by many as being ________.
Solution
The tone of the sentence indicates that the words in both the blanks will be opposite in meaning, with the first one having a negative and the second one, having a positive tone.
Thus, options A and B can be dismissed.
"assimilative" means the tendency to absorb. Thus, it does not fit with the context of the sentence.
Option D is the best choice for the answer.
The decision taken by the board was perceived as being ______ leading to widespread _________ among the workers who were already disillusioned with the management.
Solution
The second part of the sentence talks about the workers being "disillusioned" by the management. Thus, the second blank will have a negative word. Thus, options A and B are rejected.
For the first blank, "iniquitous" [grossly unfair and morally wrong] is a better option than "discriminatory", as it will compliment the sentiment expressed in the second part.
Alternate: "Iniquitous" means unjust or morally wrong, which fits the context of a decision that upset the workers.
"Discontent" means dissatisfaction or unhappiness, which logically follows from an unjust decision.
Hence, the answer is option C.
The recent steps to _________ the prices of essential commodities has resulted in a _______ atmosphere with regard to the future of the economy.
Solution
Since the sentence is talking about the prices of "essential commodities," the best choice for the first blank is "regulate," as governments and authorities typically regulate the prices of essential goods to ensure affordability and stability.
For the second blank, "buoyant" (which means optimistic or positive) is the best fit because proper price regulation often results in a stable and optimistic economic atmosphere.
Thus, the best choice is Option A: "Regulate, buoyant."
A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to _____ and ______ political power over government.
Solution
The sentence is about political parties and what they do. In line with the sentence, option B is the best choice to fill the blanks, as political parties do not find or bring or create political power.
TRAVESTY: The trial was a travesty of justice leading to widespread disillusionment with the entire process.
Solution
"Travesty" is a negative word. Thus, options B and C can be dismissed.
Among A and D, "Mockery" is a better choice in the context of the sentence.
Hence, the answer is option A.
Popular culture continues to generate _________ amounts of name-calling and countless wars across the Internet, such as the _________ debates between fans of Star Trek and Star Wars.
Solution
Since the first blank is related to "name-calling" and "countless wars", it will be a term that shows high quantity. Thus, options A and D can be dismissed.
The word "insulting" does not fit well with the word "debate"; "constant" is the better choice.
Hence, the answer is option B.
Pick the word from the alternatives given that is most inappropriate in the given context:
DEFICIENT: He was not hired for the job since he was found to be deficient in his understanding of the business.
Solution
"Deficient" means "not having enough of a specified quality".
Option A is the complete opposite of the word "deficient".
Thus, it is the most inappropriate alternative for "deficient".
Hence, the answer is option A.
COMPLICIT: The judge handed him a punishment since the evidence showed that he was complicit in the crime that led to the death of the victim.
Solution
The judge handed the person a punishment. Thus, "complicit" means that the person is guilty of the crime.
Thus, option A [innocent] is the most appropriate alternative for it as it is a direct opposite in meaning.
Hence, the answer is option A.
ESCHEW: My policy has always been to eschew speaking ill of others since it creates unnecessary negativity.
Solution
In the context of the sentence, "eschew" means to "avoid using". Among the options, option C [espouse] means "to support". Thus, it is the opposite of the meaning of the given word and cannot be used as an alternative for it.
Hence, the answer is option C.
FLUSTERED: He was so flustered when he realized what was going on that he wouldn’t have recognized his own mother.
Solution
From the context of the sentence, "Flustered" means being "confused or rattled".
Thus, the answer is option C, which is the opposite of the given word.
SPECIOUS: His arguments and specious comparisons are bogus and not worth seriously entertaining, in my humble opinion.
Solution
Since the arguments are called "bogus", "specious" means "untrue or inaccurate".
Hence, the only possible answer is option B.
For the following questions answer them individually
A. Their chests were puffed out like those of pouter penguins and they had battle-ready vigour.
B. After about ten minutes the designated soldiers on each side lowered their flags and the sunset showdown was over for the day.
C. Soldiers on each side marched up to their opposite numbers
D. As the bugles sounded loud and clear, the ceremony began.
E. The crowd on both sides erupted into a frenzy of shouting cheering their own country.
Solution
'D' will be the opening statement as it talks about the start of the ceremony.
Similarly, 'B' will be the last statement as it mentions the end.
'C' will follow 'D' as it mentions how the ceremony starts. 'A' will continue the discussion as it talks about the soldiers mentioned in 'C'.
'E' will follow 'A' as it talks about the reaction of the crowd to the display of the soldiers.
Thus, the required sequence becomes D-C-A-E-B.
Hence, the answer is option B.
A. A tactile though indirect connection bound the giver with the receiver.
B. On the heels of the bread servers came others carrying steel buckets.
C. Instead of using spoons or ladles, the servers simply took out handfuls of the pilaf from their bucket and deposited it on our plates.
D. They ladled out large portions of ‘kali dal’ - legumes that had not been husked.
E. After that, came the rice that was a pilaf-like concoction glistening with ghee.
Solution
B-D-E-C forms a logical sequence. B talks about the bread servers and D furthers the discussion about their serving. The "After that" in E follows the discussion in D. Then comes C which talks about the method used for serving "pilaf" mentioned in E.
Option A is not suitable as the starting statement of the discussion and thus, will come at the last.
Thus, the required sequence is B-D-E-C-A.
A.Many an accident has taken place on this route.
B. Today again, driving enthusiasts wait with bated breath for the Rohtang La to open to take a jaunt to Leh.
C. And yet the beauty of the place and the thrill of adventure beckon many a tourist every year.
D. The landscape remains as beguiling and awe-inspiring as ever.
E. Even 10 years ago, this epic Himalayan journey was a risky endeavor.
Solution
Reading through the sentences, we see that B-D forms a pair as B talks about the journey from Rohtang La to Leh, and D tells the reason why that is the case, because of the beauty of the place.
E then starts to explain why this is a topic of discussion, because of the journey being risky, to which A provides context, noting that it is still risky. And finally, C serves as a conclusion to the two points, stating that the adventure, although dangerous, has attracted many tourists every year.
Making BDEAC a coherent paragraph.
Therefore, Option B is the correct answer.
A. He chewed it and noted its quality and its good taste.
B. There was no stringiness in it and he knew that it would bring the highest price in the market.
C. But there was no way to keep it from going bad.
D. It was firm and juicy, like meat, but it was not red.
E. He leaned over the side and pulled loose a piece of the meat of the fish.
Solution
'E' is the starting statement as it talks about the piece of meat around which the discussion is.
'A' will follow 'E' as it talks about the next action after picking up the meat.
'D' will follow 'A' as it mentions the attributes of the meat which can be observed after chewing mentioned in 'A'.
'B' furthers the discussion in 'D'.
Finally, 'C' will end the discussion by talking about the meat going bad. [Thus, changing the subject from the look and feel of the meat to its state]
Thus, the required sequence is E-A-D-B-C.
Hence, the answer is option C.
Reading Comprehension:
The strength of the pharmaceutical industry is evident in the existence of 5,877 manufacturing units in India producing 20,000 formulations under 8,000 branded names. This rosy picture of the pharmaceutical industry however is reflected neither in availability of drugs for important public health problems nor in the affordability of drugs for domestic users. The innumerable formulationsproduced, packaged and sold by pharmaceutical companies do not reflect the seriousness of important public health requirements in India. Take for example, formulations to treat iron deficiency anemia, a highly prevalent public health problem affecting the majority of adolescent girls and pregnant women. If we examine the iron preparations that are in the 300 top selling drugs in India, none of them is the simple iron sulphate and folic acid tablet that the National List of
Essential Medicines (NLEM) recommends. In addition, a course of drugs to treat this ailment could cost a wage laborer up to two months wages.
There are over 20,000 drug formulations in India. Their prices are poorly regulated, if at all. There is wide variation between the minimum and maximum cost of drugs for a range of medicinal classes. Among commonly used drugs in clinical practice, such as antibiotics, anti-hypertensives and diabetic drugs, prices often vary from 2 to 20 times between the minimum and maximum price bands. Drugs for conditions like cancer, rheumatological diseases and erectile dysfunction have a 20-fold price variation across brands. The pharmaceutical sector is the only one in India (and probably in the world) where government tender procurement prices are 1 to 3 per cent of the retail market prices! This if anything indicates the level of overpricing at the retail level. An example: a drug company bids to supply albendazole 400 mg tablets, a medicine for worms, to the Tamil Nadu government at a mere 35 paise per tablet, while brands of this drug sell for Rs.16 in the open market. Thus, while the markets have been profitable for the pharmaceutical industry, they have been disastrous for the end-users who are hit both by the disease and the unaffordable medications that they are made to buy.
We may infer therefore that the cost of branded medications (or branded generics) is several times the cost of the unbranded generics of the same drug. For drug companies, the only criterion seems to be - both logically and internationally - to sell at what the market can take, and this means at the perceived (not the same as real, scientific) value of the drug. Further in India, the same drug is sold at vastly different prices by equally reputed companies and often by the same company.
According to the author what does the availability of drugs with over 20,000 formulations indicate in the present scenario?
Solution
"The strength of the pharmaceutical industry is evident in the existence of 5,877 manufacturing units in India producing 20,000 formulations under 8,000 branded names."
Option A captures this tone of the author, which shows the sheer number of pharmaceuticals in the country.
Option B presents this in a negative light, while the passage presents it to show the high quantity of formulations.
Option C is something that the author finds lacking and hence cannot be the correct answer.
Option D, the author later shows that even with so many formulations, there are none (if any) for a typical iron deficiency problem. This cannot be the indication made by the author.
Therefore, Option A is the correct answer.
In the overall context of the passage, what does the example of iron deficiency illustrate?
Solution
Option A: The intent was not to show the iron deficiency but to show the condition of medicines in India.
Option B: This is what the example is trying to refute, that although there are 300 top selling drugs, none of them focus on this.
Option C: In first paragraph it is mentioned that if we examine the iron preparations that are in the 300 top selling drugs in India, none of them is the simple iron sulphate and folic acid tablet that the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) recommends.
Option D: While it is true, the example of iron tablets do not exemplify this.
Therefore, the answer is option C.
What is the clearest indicator of overpricing of drugs?
Solution
The author says, "This if anything indicates the level of overpricing at the retail level. An example: a drug company bids to supply albendazole 400 mg tablets, a medicine for worms, to the Tamil Nadu government at a mere 35 paise per tablet, while brands of this drug sell for Rs.16 in the open market."
Hence, the answer is option C.
What is the main argument extended by the author in the passage given above?
Solution
In the passage, the author notes a significant disparity in prices within the pharmaceutical industry. There is little to no regulation for the prices, and this has led to the companies making enormous profits. The author also exclaims that while these profits are good for the companies, it harms the end-users.
Options A and D can be dismissed as the health requirements are met, but are unaffordable.
Option B is a suggestion that is not even present in the passage and can easily be eliminated.
Hence, the answer is option C.
How may we understand the author’s use of the phrase “perceived value of the drug”?
Solution
The last paragraph says, " to sell at what the market can take, and this means at the perceived (not the same as real, scientific) value of the drug."
This means that the value is charged according to what the people are willing to pay. The more the belief of people in the drug, the more they will be willing to pay for it.
Option A talks about the ability to purchase drugs. It does not reflect the above point.
Option B talks about the brand of the drug and not the drug itself. Thus, it can be dismissed.
Option D is partially correct.
Option C covers all the points and hence, will be the answer.
Hence, the answer is option C.
Reading Comprehension:
Social psychology is as old as homosapiens on this earth. Throughout the recorded history, social nature of man has intrigued scholars, artists, and social reformers. Their work has significant bearing on understanding how people relate with others and conduct their social life. Scriptures, artifacts, music, poetry, all have contributed to this endeavour. What has intrigued scholars is the evidence of both, universality and uniqueness of social behaviour in different cultures. People have lived together in all cultures as family, community and nation, though they may not have learned to live together in peace. Human nature has essentially remained the same ever since. It seems that many of the questions which ancient social psychology raised are the same which contemporary social psychology is striving to answer. However, rapid social, economic, and political changes sweeping across the oceans and continents have thrown up many new questions for social psychologists. Many new theories and methods are being developed to unravel general principles of social interaction. It is therefore, not surprising that the quests and concerns in discourses of Plato and Aristotle were similar to those of the ancient Indian thinkers, like Manu, Gautam, Yagyavalkya and Kautilya. They were all concerned with the sustenance of social institutions to uphold the social code of conduct, while preserving human freedom. It was always considered important that people get socialized to conform to social authority and internalize family values and traditions. At the same time all societies have experimented with various systems to strike a match between social norms and individual aspirations. Social conflicts, violence, exploitations throughout the ages had kept social thinkers busy to examine geneses and expound solutions. Social psychology has evolved as a discipline to grapple with the issues of understanding social interactional process. The endeavour is to find ways to maintain ideal social conditions in which people can live together in peace and harmony.
However, apart from this common quest to understand and transform human behaviour, there are differences in the world-views; the ways in which the social reality is analyzed, explained and rendered meaningful in western and non-western cultures, like India. The difference is not just in erms of the methods of inquiry but more basic in terms of ontological reality of human existence. The comparison is further complicated by the fact that whereas Indian sages concentrated on the 'ideal' state, the Western scholars focused on observed reality of the interaction between man and society. The purpose of juxtaposing world-views of these different societies here is to examine the progress of western social psychology and its implications for understanding social issues and problems we are facing in India. A critical appraisal would enable us to view the knowledge base of social psychology with particular reference to Indian work.
Scholars of social psychology have been fascinated by
Solution
In the first paragraph, the author says, " What has intrigued scholars is the evidence of both, universality and uniqueness of social behaviour in different cultures."
Hence, the answer is option C.
Why is it that many of the questions which ancient social psychology raised (seem to be) the same which contemporary social psychology is striving to answer?
Solution
In the first paragraph, the author says, "Human nature has essentially remained the same ever since. It seems that many of the questions which ancient social psychology raised are the same which contemporary social psychology is striving to answer."
Hence, the answer is option B.
Who was concerned with the sustenance of social institutions?
Solution
"It is therefore, not surprising that the quests and concerns in discourses of Plato and Aristotle were similar to those of the ancient Indian thinkers, like Manu, Gautam, Yagyavalkya and Kautilya."
Hence, the answer is option D.
What is the role of ‘family values and traditions’ in social psychology?
Solution
The author says, "They were all concerned with the sustenance of social institutions to uphold the social code of conduct, while preserving human freedom. It was always considered important that people get socialized to conform to social authority and internalize family values and traditions. At the same time all societies have experimented with various systems to strike a match between social norms and individual aspirations."
Hence, the answer is option B.
Why do the authors intend to critically analyse western research in social psychology?
Solution
"The purpose of juxtaposing world-views of these different societies here is to examine the progress of western social psychology and its implications for understanding social issues and problems we are facing in India. A critical appraisal would enable us to view the knowledge base of social psychology with particular reference to Indian work."
Hence, the answer is option D.
