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| Feature / Property | Enantiomers | Diastereomers | Meso Compounds |
| Mirror Image Relationship | Non-superimposable mirror images | Non-mirror images | Superimposable mirror images |
| Number of Chiral Centers | At least $$1$$ (typically $$\ge 1$$) | At least $$2$$ ($$\ge 2$$) | At least $$2$$ ($$\ge 2$$) |
| Symmetry Elements | Absent (no plane or center of symmetry) | Absent | Present (possess internal plane or center of symmetry) |
| Optical Activity | Optically Active | Optically Active | Optically Inactive |
| Cause of Inactivity | N/A (Equal and opposite rotation in 1:1 racemic mixtures) | N/A | Internal Compensation (one half cancels the rotation of the other half) |
Physical Properties (m.p., b.p., density, solubility) | Identical (except direction of optical rotation) | Different | Different from enantiomers/diastereomers |
| Separation Method | Chemical resolution or chiral chromatography | Standard physical methods (fractional distillation, crystallization) | Standard physical methods |
| Configuration at Stereocenters | Inverted at all chiral centers (e.g., $$(2R, 3R) \leftrightarrow (2S, 3S)$$) | Inverted at some, but not all chiral centers (e.g., $$(2R, 3R) \leftrightarrow (2R, 3S)$$) | Mirror-image symmetry across centers (e.g., $$(2R, 3S)$$ with identical substituents) |
