Lattice Enthalpy

$$U = -\frac{A \cdot N_A \cdot z^+ \cdot z^- \cdot e^2}{4 \cdot \pi \cdot \varepsilon_0 \cdot r_0} \cdot \left(1 - \frac{1}{n}\right)$$

Concept: Calculates the theoretical lattice energy of a crystalline ionic solid based on electrostatic interactions and repulsive forces.

Notation:

• $$U$$ = Lattice energy;
• $$A$$ = Madelung constant;
• $$N_A$$ = Avogadro's constant;
• $$z^+, z^-$$ = Ionic charges of cation and anion;
• $$e$$ = Elementary charge;
• $$\varepsilon_0$$ = Permittivity of free space;
• $$r_0$$ = Interionic distance;
• $$n$$ = Born exponent.