PGDBA 2019

Option A can be inferred from the fifth para, where the author has mentioned that Italy allocates only 1 per cent of its gross domestic product to social protection benefits — half the European average. One child out of three here is at risk of relative poverty
Option C can be inferred from the fourth para where the author has mentioned birth rates of Italy and France to be 1.37 and 2 respectively.
Option D can be inferred from the penultimate para where Prime Minister Matteo Renzi, whose own health minister started the campaign distanced himself from the ads in a radio interview. Under Mr Renzi, Italy's government has paid families with a so-called baby bonus of 80 to 160 euros, or about $90 to $180, for low- and middle-income households. and it has approved labour laws giving more flexibility on parental leave
Option B cannot be inferred as the ad campaign was launched with a group of online advertisements and a hashtag on Twitter.
Hence B is the correct answer.

In the fourth paragraph, the author emphasized a family-oriented system provides a far more generous social safety net that includes daycare and subsidies for families to have children which were existing in France where the fertility rate is 2 whereas it lacks in Italy's economy which has the lowest fertility rate of 1.37.Hence the absence of a support system for families with children is the key reason for Italy's low fertility rate.
C is the correct answer.

Disassociation which means to separate or to detach. In the penultimate paragraph, the author has mentioned  Prime Minister Matteo Renzi whose own health minister started the campaign distanced himself from the ads in a radio interview. Hence disassociation which means the state of being disconnected would be the Prime Minister Matteo Renzi's reaction to the fertility campaign.

Belligerence which means hostile and aggressive.Prime Minister Matteo Renzi was nowhere offensive to the fertility campaign.

Indifference which means lack of concern. We can infer that Prime Minister Matteo Renzi was not indifferent as during his rule Italy's government has paid families with a so-called baby bonus of 80 to 160 euros, or about $90 to $180, for low- and middle-income households. And it has approved labour laws giving more flexibility on parental leave.

Solidarity which means mutual support within a group.No wherein the passage the author has mentioned support among the group.

Hence A is the correct answer.

Option A: In the third paragraph, the author has mentioned "Many companies do not offer flexible hours for working mothers".as one of the reasons why Italy has the lowest birthrate. So if all private companies to allow flexible working hours to pregnant women and new moms this will have a meaningful impact on Italy's fertility rate
Option B: In the fourth paragraph the author emphasised the role of a family-oriented system provides a far more generous social safety net that includes daycare and subsidies for families to have children.Hence this will have a meaningful impact on Italy's fertility rate
Option C: In the third paragraph, the author has mentioned "Many working women, without an extended family to care for a child, face a dilemma, as private child care is expensive. Some also worry that their job security may be undermined by missing workdays because of childcare issues".Hence this will have a meaningful impact on Italy's fertility rate
Option D:In the third paragraph, the author has mentioned "It is not a lack of desire to have children , but the lack of significant support provided by the government and many employers in a country where the family remains the primary source of child care is the reasons why Italy has the lowest birthrate .So Spending money on advertisements that encourage Italians to have more children will not have a meaningful impact on Italy's fertility rate even if the government works hard to implement them
D is the correct answer.

In paragraph three,  the author has mentioned that the problem is not a lack of desire to have children, critics of the campaign say, but rather the lack of meaningful support provided by the government and many employers in a country where the family remains the primary source of child care. Many working women, without an extended family to care for a child, face a dilemma, as private child care is expensive. Some also worry that their job security may be undermined by missing workdays because of child care issues. Many companies do not offer flexible hours for working mothers. These are some of the reasons why Italy's fertility is low which the government failed to address.
Hence C is the correct answer.

It is mentioned in the second paragraph, 'A truly self-driving car, after all, will have to be given ethical instructions of some sort by its human programmers ' Hence the equivalent of the person pulling the lever in the 'trolley problem' will be human programmers who give ethical instructions.

Though the excitement of self -driving cars led to the miniature boom of professional ethicists , It is because of the human programmers who gave ethical instructions of some sort to the self-driving cars which have led to the trolley problem.
CEOs of multinational car manufacturing firms and driverless-car owners who use their cars to travel abroad are nowhere mentioned in the passage.

Hence D is the correct answer.

It is mentioned in the last paragraph that since the preferences to save differed among nations and the researchers found that the world's countries clustered into three broad categories, which they dubbed "western" covering North America and the Christian cultural countries of Europe, "Eastern", including the Middle East, India and China and "Southern" Latin America and many of France's Former colonial possessions. Clearly, C is the correct answer.

It is evident from the lines in the fourth paragraph that 'The strongest preferences, expressed by respondents from all over the world, were for saving human lives over animal ones, preferring to save many rather than few and prioritising children over the old. There were weaker preferences for saving women over men, pedestrians over passengers in the car and for taking action rather than doing nothing. Criminals were seen as literally sub-human ranking below dogs in the public's priority list, above cats.'
Saving many rather than a few was a preference from the largest number of passengers. Hence B is the correct answer.

In the Southern countries, it is given that there is a weaker preference while choosing between humans and animals. Moreover, it is given that this particular nation has high levels of gender equality, so there would hardly be any preference between either gender. 
So for the software to face the most uncertainty in this region, the two potential victims should be a human and an animal respectively and both of opposite genders.
The option that best describes such a situation is Option B.

Option A: An international agreement to develop a separate signalling system for driverless cars would not solve the dilemma because preferences differed among nations.Hence A is not the correct answer.
Option B: A solution to the 'trolley problem' and an international agreement that cars should run on rails instead of roads will not solve the dilemma because Trolley problem will have different preferences to save in different countries and whether cars should run on rail or roads is beyond the scope of the passage.
Option C: As explained in option B, formation of an international panel of professional ethicists to solve the 'trolley problem' will not solve the dilemma 
Option D: An international agreement on guidelines for development of navigation software for self-driving cars will solve the dilemma because preference to save differed among Nations.Having an international agreement on guidelines will help the self-driving cars.
Hence D is the correct answer.