TISSNET 2023

Let us examine the given choices:

Option A: {At national and international levels, women continue to face glass ceilings that prevent them from reaching environmental leadership positions.} The passage mentions that women face glass ceilings, or barriers, that prevent them from reaching environmental leadership positions at national and international levels. This implies that the author recognizes the existence of these glass ceilings and the need to address them.

Option B: The passage emphasizes the importance of promoting gender mainstreaming in climate change policies and programs, involving women in decision-making processes, and recognizing the unique needs, perspectives, and contributions of women and girls in climate action. This aligns with the idea of inclusivity in environmental decision-making, as stated in Option B.

Option C: The passage emphasizes that gender inequalities, including social, economic, and political factors, intersect with other forms of social disadvantage to limit women's participation in environmental decision-making. However, it does not place the responsibility solely on women themselves, but rather highlights systemic barriers and the need for gender-responsive policies and measures to address them. The passage discusses the importance of childcare policies and other supportive measures to facilitate women's engagement in environmental decision-making, indicating that lack of childcare policies is not the reason for limited participation but rather a barrier that needs to be addressed. Therefore, Option C cannot be inferred based on the discussion in the passage.

Option D:  {Investment in social services, especially childcare, can lighten the load of unpaid household labour on women, as can flexible working policies and paid parental leave.} The passage mentions that investment in social services, including childcare, can help to alleviate the burden of unpaid household labour on women and facilitate their participation in environmental decision-making. This implies that the author recognizes the importance of childcare policies in supporting women's engagement in environmental decision-making.

Hence, Option C is the correct choice. 

The passage discusses the disproportionate impact of climate change on women and girls, particularly in the global south, and the systemic barriers they face in participating in environmental decision-making. It highlights the crucial role of women and girls in achieving climate targets, the need for gender-responsive policies and measures, and the underrepresentation of women in environmental decision-making at various levels. This aligns with the overall theme of advocating for women's representation in climate change initiatives and decision-making, as stated in Option A.

Option B: While the passage discusses how women in developing countries are more likely to work in the informal sector, making their livelihoods more vulnerable to economic and environmental shocks, this is mentioned in the context of the negative impacts of climate change on women's economic vulnerabilities, rather than solely focusing on barriers to women's participation in the workforce in general.

Option C: Though the passage does mention that the negative impacts of climate change disproportionately affect women and girls, particularly in the global south, this is not the main argument of the passage. The passage primarily focuses on the systemic barriers that limit women's participation in environmental decision-making and the need for gender-responsive policies and measures, rather than solely discussing the differential impact of climate change on women and men.

Option D: The discussion on climate change initiatives is presented in the context of women's participation in the same. The primary focus of the passage is on advocating for women's representation in climate change initiatives and decision-making, and addressing the systemic barriers that limit women's participation in these processes.

Hence, Option A is the correct choice. 

One of the assumptions made by the author is accurately presented in Option C: Informal economy adds to economic insecurity and inequity.

The passage mentions that women in developing countries are more likely to work in the informal sector, which makes their livelihoods more vulnerable to economic and environmental shocks. This implies that the author assumes that the informal economy contributes to economic insecurity and inequity, particularly for women in developing countries. The passage does not make the assumptions shown in Options A, B, or D. The author does not equate sex and gender discrimination (Option A), or exclusively associate climate change actions with parliaments (Option B), or explicitly state that the Global South has a higher incidence of informal economy (Option D).

Hence, Option C is the correct choice.

Let us examine the given choices:

Options A and D: It has been stated in the passage that climate change "disproportionately affects women and girls." However, we cannot use this information to broadly claim that climate change affects "different groups differently" or that it affects "affects everyone." Furthermore, the author does not specify the scope of policies - they need not necessarily be "localised." Therefore, Options A and D are incorrect. 

Option B: While the passage emphasises the need for more women representation at the national scale, it does not assert that "policies are only drafted by men." 

Option C: This can be understood based on the following excerpt: {...a 2019 study found that national parliaments with more women pass more stringent climate policies...} The author hints at how involving women in the decision-making process could lead to stricter climate regulations. 

Hence, Option C is the correct choice. 

Option A can be inferred from the following: "Support for women’s initiatives and access to resources can drive effective climate action that meets the needs of communities." 

Similarly, the author uses the concept of gender and power relations when emphasising gender discrimination: " Gender-differentiated tasks, including women’s responsibility for most unpaid household labour, and unequal power relations within families." Therefore, Option B is not a suitable answer. 

Option C is valid since the author presents childcare policies as a way to remedy the systemic barriers faced by women: "Investment in social services, especially childcare, can lighten the load of unpaid household labour on women, as can flexible working policies and paid parental leave."

Contrarily, Option D is not an idea used by the author to present his stance. Based on the passage provided, there is no explicit mention of the discontinuation of the education of girls or the consequent impact of this on gender disparity or systemic discrimination. 

Hence, Option D is the correct choice. 

Based on the passage, it can be inferred that emotional scripts or "feeling rules" exist in sports subcultures to direct athletes, coaches, and supporters in controlling their emotions. These narratives, which are affected by the rules and ideals of the specific sport, add to the emotional experiences of everyone participating in sports, including players and spectators. This shows that the emotional experiences associated with sports are shaped by socially created dominant discourses. Therefore, Option B is correct.

Option A, Option C, and Option D can't be inferred based on the passage. It has not been explicitly stated that every person internalizes and follows the same emotional scripts, or that sports should be watched and played without getting emotional about it. Additionally, while the passage mentions that sports can have both positive and negative effects on individuals, it does not explicitly state that parents and teachers might be unaware of the negatives of sports socialization.

The passage discusses the socialization of individuals into sports, including the values, norms, and emotional experiences associated with sports. It highlights how sports socialization can have both positive and negative effects, and how sports subcultures have emotional scripts that guide athletes, coaches, and fans in managing their emotions. The passage does not explicitly aim to conclude whether the negatives outweigh the positives in sports socialization, list rules in society for sports, or solely describe feelings experienced during sporting events. Therefore, option C) best expresses the author's purpose in writing this passage.

The passage discusses the sociological aspects of sports, including how society socializes individuals into sports, the effects of sports socialization, emotional experiences in sports, and the role of culture in shaping sports subcultures. The most apt title for this article would be "Sociology of sports" as it accurately reflects the main theme and focus of the passage. Therefore Option A is the correct answer

Sports in the lives of children: While the passage does touch upon the involvement of young athletes in sports and how sports socialization can affect them, the scope of the passage is not limited to just children ,so option B is wrong

 Role of culture in sports: While the passage mentions the role of culture in shaping sports subcultures and the norms for the display of emotions in different sports, it does not extensively discuss cultural aspects beyond this , so we can eliminate option C

 Sports and global trends: The passage does not specifically address global trends in sports. It primarily discusses the socialization process, emotional experiences, and effects of sports socialization, without explicitly referencing broader global trends or changes in the sports industry , so option D is wrong

Option B :  The author specifically mentions that feeling rules are not just enacted or performed, but are also genuinely experienced by athletes. The passage states that "athletes often do internalize these feeling rules and experience genuine emotions as a result" (paragraph 4), indicating that athletes do genuinely experience the emotions associated with feeling rules while participating in sports.

All of the remaining options (A , C ,D) can be inferred from the passage

Therefore the correct answer is Option B

The author does not suggest "fright" as an emotion that fans are orchestrated to experience. The passage does not mention or imply that fans are intentionally orchestrated to experience fear or fright as part of their emotional engagement with sports. The passage mainly focuses on the emotions of athletes and how they are socialized into feeling rules, while briefly mentioning the emotions of fans in the context of collective effervescence and emotional contagion. The emotions mentioned in the passage in relation to fans are despair, ecstasy, and hatred, but not fright.