Top 1282 Questions

Question 1

Select the most appropriate idiom ( in the context) to fill in the sentence.
Suman really has ______. She moved to a new house just a month back but already has a lovely garden.

A

a heart of gold

B

a bad hair day

C

a foot in the door

D

green fingers

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

Some 200 km from Leh are the villages of Dha. Haiiu. Garkone and Darchik on both Sides of the Indus River. inhabited by the Buddhist Dard Tribes. The villages are together called the “Aryan valley”. “The word ‘Dard’ is derived from a Sanskrit word. ‘Daradas’. which means people who live on hillsides.” said Vn'endi'a Bangroo. assistant professor at Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA). who has extensively researched on their lives. He added people of this
region are cultru‘ally and linguistically different from those in other parts of Ladakh. Among other researchers who have gone into the conumrnity’s roots. there is a line of thought that the “Aryans of Ladakh” or the “Brokpas” might have descended fi‘om soldiers in Alexander’s army who had come to the region over 2.000 years ago. The Dard Aryans. however. do not docrunent their history. Bangroo said.

They rear goat and Sheep for milk and meat. and their festivals are based on the solar calendar. Bangroo visited the regions inhabited by the Dard Aryan community back in 2017. where he helped setup two museums to archive their cultural heritage. Bangroo is of the view that their traditions go back 5.000 years; those who still follow the original customs worship trees. rivers and mountains. These tribals are mainly dependent on agricultru‘e: the apricots grown here are considered among the best in the world and there are 12 varieties of grapes in the
region. Bangroo said grape-wine is very popular in the “Aryan valley”.

A nrunber of researchers. as well as the tribals. perceive a threat to the heritage of the commruiity owing to modernisation. migration and religious conversion. The community now numbers about 4,000. Over the last few decades. many of them have embraced Islam or Buddhism. “The community prohibits marriage with outsiders to keep the gene pool intact. Of late. the Dard men have been migrating to other parts of the region in search of livelihood and manying outside
the tribe.” Bangroo said. “The tribe is struggling to find a balance between modernity and traditional values.” Also. after the Kargil War. development work in this region has been restricted. Some of the areas of the Aryan valley are out of bounds for outsiders. since it
borders Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.

Members of the community said there are only three high schools in their villages and very limited resoru‘ces for livelihood — mainly because of the harsh weather and difficult terrain. As such. they have no option but to migrate to cities for higher education and employment. They have demanded that the government set up a tribal hostel and declare the “Aryan valley” a heritage village to boost tourism.

Question 2

The first paragraph of the passage mainly talks about

A

the concerns of Dard Aryans.

B

what the demands of Dard Aryans are.

C

the customs of Dard Aryans.

D

who the Dard Aryans are.

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

Some 200 km from Leh are the villages of Dha. Haiiu. Garkone and Darchik on both Sides of the Indus River. inhabited by the Buddhist Dard Tribes. The villages are together called the “Aryan valley”. “The word ‘Dard’ is derived from a Sanskrit word. ‘Daradas’. which means people who live on hillsides.” said Vn'endi'a Bangroo. assistant professor at Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA). who has extensively researched on their lives. He added people of this
region are cultru‘ally and linguistically different from those in other parts of Ladakh. Among other researchers who have gone into the conumrnity’s roots. there is a line of thought that the “Aryans of Ladakh” or the “Brokpas” might have descended fi‘om soldiers in Alexander’s army who had come to the region over 2.000 years ago. The Dard Aryans. however. do not docrunent their history. Bangroo said.

They rear goat and Sheep for milk and meat. and their festivals are based on the solar calendar. Bangroo visited the regions inhabited by the Dard Aryan community back in 2017. where he helped setup two museums to archive their cultural heritage. Bangroo is of the view that their traditions go back 5.000 years; those who still follow the original customs worship trees. rivers and mountains. These tribals are mainly dependent on agricultru‘e: the apricots grown here are considered among the best in the world and there are 12 varieties of grapes in the
region. Bangroo said grape-wine is very popular in the “Aryan valley”.

A nrunber of researchers. as well as the tribals. perceive a threat to the heritage of the commruiity owing to modernisation. migration and religious conversion. The community now numbers about 4,000. Over the last few decades. many of them have embraced Islam or Buddhism. “The community prohibits marriage with outsiders to keep the gene pool intact. Of late. the Dard men have been migrating to other parts of the region in search of livelihood and manying outside
the tribe.” Bangroo said. “The tribe is struggling to find a balance between modernity and traditional values.” Also. after the Kargil War. development work in this region has been restricted. Some of the areas of the Aryan valley are out of bounds for outsiders. since it
borders Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.

Members of the community said there are only three high schools in their villages and very limited resoru‘ces for livelihood — mainly because of the harsh weather and difficult terrain. As such. they have no option but to migrate to cities for higher education and employment. They have demanded that the government set up a tribal hostel and declare the “Aryan valley” a heritage village to boost tourism.

Question 3

What is the main concern of the Dard Aryans?

A

some people are converting their religion.

B

many people are migrating from the villages.

C

their heritage is facing a threat.

D

people of the community are becoming modern.

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

Some 200 km from Leh are the villages of Dha. Haiiu. Garkone and Darchik on both Sides of the Indus River. inhabited by the Buddhist Dard Tribes. The villages are together called the “Aryan valley”. “The word ‘Dard’ is derived from a Sanskrit word. ‘Daradas’. which means people who live on hillsides.” said Vn'endi'a Bangroo. assistant professor at Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA). who has extensively researched on their lives. He added people of this
region are cultru‘ally and linguistically different from those in other parts of Ladakh. Among other researchers who have gone into the conumrnity’s roots. there is a line of thought that the “Aryans of Ladakh” or the “Brokpas” might have descended fi‘om soldiers in Alexander’s army who had come to the region over 2.000 years ago. The Dard Aryans. however. do not docrunent their history. Bangroo said.

They rear goat and Sheep for milk and meat. and their festivals are based on the solar calendar. Bangroo visited the regions inhabited by the Dard Aryan community back in 2017. where he helped setup two museums to archive their cultural heritage. Bangroo is of the view that their traditions go back 5.000 years; those who still follow the original customs worship trees. rivers and mountains. These tribals are mainly dependent on agricultru‘e: the apricots grown here are considered among the best in the world and there are 12 varieties of grapes in the
region. Bangroo said grape-wine is very popular in the “Aryan valley”.

A nrunber of researchers. as well as the tribals. perceive a threat to the heritage of the commruiity owing to modernisation. migration and religious conversion. The community now numbers about 4,000. Over the last few decades. many of them have embraced Islam or Buddhism. “The community prohibits marriage with outsiders to keep the gene pool intact. Of late. the Dard men have been migrating to other parts of the region in search of livelihood and manying outside
the tribe.” Bangroo said. “The tribe is struggling to find a balance between modernity and traditional values.” Also. after the Kargil War. development work in this region has been restricted. Some of the areas of the Aryan valley are out of bounds for outsiders. since it
borders Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.

Members of the community said there are only three high schools in their villages and very limited resoru‘ces for livelihood — mainly because of the harsh weather and difficult terrain. As such. they have no option but to migrate to cities for higher education and employment. They have demanded that the government set up a tribal hostel and declare the “Aryan valley” a heritage village to boost tourism.

Question 4

What are the demands of the Dard Aryans from the government?

A

to stop migration of people and set up a school

B

to provide livelihood and establish a tribal hostel

C

to set up a tribal hostel and declare the Aryan Valley a heritage Village

D

to boost tourism and take up development work in the valley

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

Some 200 km from Leh are the villages of Dha. Haiiu. Garkone and Darchik on both Sides of the Indus River. inhabited by the Buddhist Dard Tribes. The villages are together called the “Aryan valley”. “The word ‘Dard’ is derived from a Sanskrit word. ‘Daradas’. which means people who live on hillsides.” said Vn'endi'a Bangroo. assistant professor at Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA). who has extensively researched on their lives. He added people of this
region are cultru‘ally and linguistically different from those in other parts of Ladakh. Among other researchers who have gone into the conumrnity’s roots. there is a line of thought that the “Aryans of Ladakh” or the “Brokpas” might have descended fi‘om soldiers in Alexander’s army who had come to the region over 2.000 years ago. The Dard Aryans. however. do not docrunent their history. Bangroo said.

They rear goat and Sheep for milk and meat. and their festivals are based on the solar calendar. Bangroo visited the regions inhabited by the Dard Aryan community back in 2017. where he helped setup two museums to archive their cultural heritage. Bangroo is of the view that their traditions go back 5.000 years; those who still follow the original customs worship trees. rivers and mountains. These tribals are mainly dependent on agricultru‘e: the apricots grown here are considered among the best in the world and there are 12 varieties of grapes in the
region. Bangroo said grape-wine is very popular in the “Aryan valley”.

A nrunber of researchers. as well as the tribals. perceive a threat to the heritage of the commruiity owing to modernisation. migration and religious conversion. The community now numbers about 4,000. Over the last few decades. many of them have embraced Islam or Buddhism. “The community prohibits marriage with outsiders to keep the gene pool intact. Of late. the Dard men have been migrating to other parts of the region in search of livelihood and manying outside
the tribe.” Bangroo said. “The tribe is struggling to find a balance between modernity and traditional values.” Also. after the Kargil War. development work in this region has been restricted. Some of the areas of the Aryan valley are out of bounds for outsiders. since it
borders Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.

Members of the community said there are only three high schools in their villages and very limited resoru‘ces for livelihood — mainly because of the harsh weather and difficult terrain. As such. they have no option but to migrate to cities for higher education and employment. They have demanded that the government set up a tribal hostel and declare the “Aryan valley” a heritage village to boost tourism.

Question 5

Which statement indicates best that the Dard Aryans is a community with ancient past?

A

Dar Aryans rear goat and sheep for milk and meat, and their festivals are based on the solar calendar.

B

Some scholars think that they might have descended from the soldiers in Alexander ’5 army who had come about 2000 years ago.

C

The word ‘Dard‘ is derived from a Sanskrit word, ‘Daradas’. which means people who live on hillsides

D

Bangroo is of the View that their traditions go back 5,000 years; those who still follow the original customs worship trees, rivers and mountains.

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

Some 200 km from Leh are the villages of Dha. Haiiu. Garkone and Darchik on both Sides of the Indus River. inhabited by the Buddhist Dard Tribes. The villages are together called the “Aryan valley”. “The word ‘Dard’ is derived from a Sanskrit word. ‘Daradas’. which means people who live on hillsides.” said Vn'endi'a Bangroo. assistant professor at Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA). who has extensively researched on their lives. He added people of this
region are cultru‘ally and linguistically different from those in other parts of Ladakh. Among other researchers who have gone into the conumrnity’s roots. there is a line of thought that the “Aryans of Ladakh” or the “Brokpas” might have descended fi‘om soldiers in Alexander’s army who had come to the region over 2.000 years ago. The Dard Aryans. however. do not docrunent their history. Bangroo said.

They rear goat and Sheep for milk and meat. and their festivals are based on the solar calendar. Bangroo visited the regions inhabited by the Dard Aryan community back in 2017. where he helped setup two museums to archive their cultural heritage. Bangroo is of the view that their traditions go back 5.000 years; those who still follow the original customs worship trees. rivers and mountains. These tribals are mainly dependent on agricultru‘e: the apricots grown here are considered among the best in the world and there are 12 varieties of grapes in the
region. Bangroo said grape-wine is very popular in the “Aryan valley”.

A nrunber of researchers. as well as the tribals. perceive a threat to the heritage of the commruiity owing to modernisation. migration and religious conversion. The community now numbers about 4,000. Over the last few decades. many of them have embraced Islam or Buddhism. “The community prohibits marriage with outsiders to keep the gene pool intact. Of late. the Dard men have been migrating to other parts of the region in search of livelihood and manying outside
the tribe.” Bangroo said. “The tribe is struggling to find a balance between modernity and traditional values.” Also. after the Kargil War. development work in this region has been restricted. Some of the areas of the Aryan valley are out of bounds for outsiders. since it
borders Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.

Members of the community said there are only three high schools in their villages and very limited resoru‘ces for livelihood — mainly because of the harsh weather and difficult terrain. As such. they have no option but to migrate to cities for higher education and employment. They have demanded that the government set up a tribal hostel and declare the “Aryan valley” a heritage village to boost tourism.

Question 6

Which statement is NOT true according to the passage?

A

Dard Aryans have to migrate to cities for higher education and employment.

B

The valley has a difficult terrain and faces harsh weather conditions.

C

There are only three high schools in their villages and very limited resources for livelihood

D

The Aryans are culturally and linguistically the same as the other people of Ladakh.

Instructions

Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
Passage:

Riparian vegetation [the green band of vegetation along a watercourse] can help stabilize stream banks; filter sediment from surface runoff; and provide wildlife habitat, livestock forage,and scenic value. Well-developed vegetation also allows bank soils to absorb extra water during spring runoff, releasing it later during drier months, thus improving late-summer stream flows.

In many parts of the arid West, trees and shrubs are found only in riparian areas. Woody plants are very important as winter cover for many wildlife species, including upland game birds such as pheasants and turkeys. Often this winter cover is the greatest single factor limiting game bird populations. Woody vegetation also provides hiding cover and browse for many other species of birds and mammals, both game and nongame. Dead trees ("snags") are an integral part of streamside habitats and should be left standing whenever possible. Woodpeckers, nuthatches, brown creepers, and other birds eat the insects that decompose the wood. These insects usually pose no threat to nearby living trees. Occasionally a disease organism or misuse of pesticides will weaken or kill a stand of trees. If several trees in a small area begin to die, contact your local extension agent immediately .

Question 7

What is the effect of the word choice 'riparian'?

A

It gives the article an authoritative, scientific tone.

B

It causes confusion, since both streams and rivers could be viewed as reparian.

C

It seems condescending, as if the author is bending over back-wards to teach readers.

D

It misleads reader into thinking they are getting scientific information when they are not.

Instructions

Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
Passage:

Riparian vegetation [the green band of vegetation along a watercourse] can help stabilize stream banks; filter sediment from surface runoff; and provide wildlife habitat, livestock forage,and scenic value. Well-developed vegetation also allows bank soils to absorb extra water during spring runoff, releasing it later during drier months, thus improving late-summer stream flows.

In many parts of the arid West, trees and shrubs are found only in riparian areas. Woody plants are very important as winter cover for many wildlife species, including upland game birds such as pheasants and turkeys. Often this winter cover is the greatest single factor limiting game bird populations. Woody vegetation also provides hiding cover and browse for many other species of birds and mammals, both game and nongame. Dead trees ("snags") are an integral part of streamside habitats and should be left standing whenever possible. Woodpeckers, nuthatches, brown creepers, and other birds eat the insects that decompose the wood. These insects usually pose no threat to nearby living trees. Occasionally a disease organism or misuse of pesticides will weaken or kill a stand of trees. If several trees in a small area begin to die, contact your local extension agent immediately .

Question 8

What is the overall sense conveyed by the author when the specific birds that live in riparian areas are listed in the passage?

A

Urgency on behalf of endangered species.

B

The rich and varied life in such areas.

C

His or her own importance as a scientific expert.

D

Poetic wander

Instructions

Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
Passage:

Riparian vegetation [the green band of vegetation along a watercourse] can help stabilize stream banks; filter sediment from surface runoff; and provide wildlife habitat, livestock forage,and scenic value. Well-developed vegetation also allows bank soils to absorb extra water during spring runoff, releasing it later during drier months, thus improving late-summer stream flows.

In many parts of the arid West, trees and shrubs are found only in riparian areas. Woody plants are very important as winter cover for many wildlife species, including upland game birds such as pheasants and turkeys. Often this winter cover is the greatest single factor limiting game bird populations. Woody vegetation also provides hiding cover and browse for many other species of birds and mammals, both game and nongame. Dead trees ("snags") are an integral part of streamside habitats and should be left standing whenever possible. Woodpeckers, nuthatches, brown creepers, and other birds eat the insects that decompose the wood. These insects usually pose no threat to nearby living trees. Occasionally a disease organism or misuse of pesticides will weaken or kill a stand of trees. If several trees in a small area begin to die, contact your local extension agent immediately .

Question 9

What is discussed in the second paragraph of this passage?

A

The types of birds that live in riparian areas.

B

The effect of winter cover on water purity.

C

The role of trees and shrubs in riparian areas.

D

How winter cover affects game bird populations.

Instructions

Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
Passage:

Riparian vegetation [the green band of vegetation along a watercourse] can help stabilize stream banks; filter sediment from surface runoff; and provide wildlife habitat, livestock forage,and scenic value. Well-developed vegetation also allows bank soils to absorb extra water during spring runoff, releasing it later during drier months, thus improving late-summer stream flows.

In many parts of the arid West, trees and shrubs are found only in riparian areas. Woody plants are very important as winter cover for many wildlife species, including upland game birds such as pheasants and turkeys. Often this winter cover is the greatest single factor limiting game bird populations. Woody vegetation also provides hiding cover and browse for many other species of birds and mammals, both game and nongame. Dead trees ("snags") are an integral part of streamside habitats and should be left standing whenever possible. Woodpeckers, nuthatches, brown creepers, and other birds eat the insects that decompose the wood. These insects usually pose no threat to nearby living trees. Occasionally a disease organism or misuse of pesticides will weaken or kill a stand of trees. If several trees in a small area begin to die, contact your local extension agent immediately .

Question 10

Overall the assertions seem to be based on:

A

Rash opinion with little observation behind it.

B

Deeply held emotional convictions.

C

Facts derived from scientific literature.

D

Inconclusive evidence gathered in field studies.

Instructions

Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
Passage:

Riparian vegetation [the green band of vegetation along a watercourse] can help stabilize stream banks; filter sediment from surface runoff; and provide wildlife habitat, livestock forage,and scenic value. Well-developed vegetation also allows bank soils to absorb extra water during spring runoff, releasing it later during drier months, thus improving late-summer stream flows.

In many parts of the arid West, trees and shrubs are found only in riparian areas. Woody plants are very important as winter cover for many wildlife species, including upland game birds such as pheasants and turkeys. Often this winter cover is the greatest single factor limiting game bird populations. Woody vegetation also provides hiding cover and browse for many other species of birds and mammals, both game and nongame. Dead trees ("snags") are an integral part of streamside habitats and should be left standing whenever possible. Woodpeckers, nuthatches, brown creepers, and other birds eat the insects that decompose the wood. These insects usually pose no threat to nearby living trees. Occasionally a disease organism or misuse of pesticides will weaken or kill a stand of trees. If several trees in a small area begin to die, contact your local extension agent immediately .

Question 11

How dependent are plants and animals on each other?

A

Not dependent

B

Very dependent

C

Completely independent

D

Slightly dependent

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

Sedentary lifestyles are killing us — we need to build activity into our everyday lives, not just leave it for the gym. Google searches relating to physical fitness peak in January. Many people even trawl the web to find out about “desk exercises” and “workouts on the go” in case they are too busy to use their new gym memberships.

Our relationship with exercise is complicated. Reports from the UK and the US show it is something we persistently struggle with. As the new year rolls around, we anticipate having the drive to behave differently and become regular exercisers, even in the knowledge that we will probably fail to do so. Why do we want to exercise? What do we expect it to do for us? We all know we are supposed to be exercising, but hundreds of millions of us can’t face actually doing it. It is just possible that the problem lies at the heart of the idea of exercise itself.

Exercise is movement of the muscles and limbs for a specific outcome, usually to enhance physical fitness. As such, for most of us, it is an optional addition to the working day — yet another item on a long list of responsibilities alongside the fulfilment of parental duties or earning money to put food on the table. But because the principal beneficiaries of exercises are we ourselves, it is one of the easiest chores to Shirk. At the end of the working day, millions of us prefer to indulge in sedentary leisure activities instead of what we all think is good for us: a workout.

Fitness crazes are like diets: if any of them worked, there wouldn’t be so many. CrossFit, the intensely physical, communal workout incorporating free weights, squats, pull-ups and so forth, is still less than 20 years old. Spin classes — vigorous group workouts on stationary bikes — have only been around for about 30. Aerobics was a craze about a decade before that, although many of its highenergy routines had already been around for a while. Before that, there was the jogging revolution, which began in the US in the early 19605. The Joggers Manual, published in 1963 by the Oregon Heart Foundation, was a leaflet of about 200 words that sought to address the postwar panic about sedentary lifestyles by encouraging an accessible form of physical activity, explaining that “jogging is a bit more than a walk”. The jogging boom took a few years to get traction, hitting its stride in the mid- to late-80s, but it remains one of the most popular forms of exercise, now also in groups.

The exercise craze that dominated the 19505 was, oddly, not even an exercise. The vibrating exercise belt promised users could achieve effortless weight loss by having their midriffs violently jiggled. It didn’t work, but you can still find similar machines available for purchase today.

Question 12

Why do most people make exercise their last priority?

A

It does not help in earning their livelihood.

B

It is an added responsibility besides looking after the family.

C

The main beneficiaries of exercise are people themselves.

D

They prefer to indulge in sedentary leisure activities.

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

Sedentary lifestyles are killing us — we need to build activity into our everyday lives, not just leave it for the gym. Google searches relating to physical fitness peak in January. Many people even trawl the web to find out about “desk exercises” and “workouts on the go” in case they are too busy to use their new gym memberships.

Our relationship with exercise is complicated. Reports from the UK and the US show it is something we persistently struggle with. As the new year rolls around, we anticipate having the drive to behave differently and become regular exercisers, even in the knowledge that we will probably fail to do so. Why do we want to exercise? What do we expect it to do for us? We all know we are supposed to be exercising, but hundreds of millions of us can’t face actually doing it. It is just possible that the problem lies at the heart of the idea of exercise itself.

Exercise is movement of the muscles and limbs for a specific outcome, usually to enhance physical fitness. As such, for most of us, it is an optional addition to the working day — yet another item on a long list of responsibilities alongside the fulfilment of parental duties or earning money to put food on the table. But because the principal beneficiaries of exercises are we ourselves, it is one of the easiest chores to Shirk. At the end of the working day, millions of us prefer to indulge in sedentary leisure activities instead of what we all think is good for us: a workout.

Fitness crazes are like diets: if any of them worked, there wouldn’t be so many. CrossFit, the intensely physical, communal workout incorporating free weights, squats, pull-ups and so forth, is still less than 20 years old. Spin classes — vigorous group workouts on stationary bikes — have only been around for about 30. Aerobics was a craze about a decade before that, although many of its highenergy routines had already been around for a while. Before that, there was the jogging revolution, which began in the US in the early 19605. The Joggers Manual, published in 1963 by the Oregon Heart Foundation, was a leaflet of about 200 words that sought to address the postwar panic about sedentary lifestyles by encouraging an accessible form of physical activity, explaining that “jogging is a bit more than a walk”. The jogging boom took a few years to get traction, hitting its stride in the mid- to late-80s, but it remains one of the most popular forms of exercise, now also in groups.

The exercise craze that dominated the 19505 was, oddly, not even an exercise. The vibrating exercise belt promised users could achieve effortless weight loss by having their midriffs violently jiggled. It didn’t work, but you can still find similar machines available for purchase today.

Question 13

Which of the following does not classify as an exercise?

A

High-energy Aerobics routines

B

Using midriff vibrating belt

C

Workouts on stationary bikes

D

Squats and pull-ups

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

Sedentary lifestyles are killing us — we need to build activity into our everyday lives, not just leave it for the gym. Google searches relating to physical fitness peak in January. Many people even trawl the web to find out about “desk exercises” and “workouts on the go” in case they are too busy to use their new gym memberships.

Our relationship with exercise is complicated. Reports from the UK and the US show it is something we persistently struggle with. As the new year rolls around, we anticipate having the drive to behave differently and become regular exercisers, even in the knowledge that we will probably fail to do so. Why do we want to exercise? What do we expect it to do for us? We all know we are supposed to be exercising, but hundreds of millions of us can’t face actually doing it. It is just possible that the problem lies at the heart of the idea of exercise itself.

Exercise is movement of the muscles and limbs for a specific outcome, usually to enhance physical fitness. As such, for most of us, it is an optional addition to the working day — yet another item on a long list of responsibilities alongside the fulfilment of parental duties or earning money to put food on the table. But because the principal beneficiaries of exercises are we ourselves, it is one of the easiest chores to Shirk. At the end of the working day, millions of us prefer to indulge in sedentary leisure activities instead of what we all think is good for us: a workout.

Fitness crazes are like diets: if any of them worked, there wouldn’t be so many. CrossFit, the intensely physical, communal workout incorporating free weights, squats, pull-ups and so forth, is still less than 20 years old. Spin classes — vigorous group workouts on stationary bikes — have only been around for about 30. Aerobics was a craze about a decade before that, although many of its highenergy routines had already been around for a while. Before that, there was the jogging revolution, which began in the US in the early 19605. The Joggers Manual, published in 1963 by the Oregon Heart Foundation, was a leaflet of about 200 words that sought to address the postwar panic about sedentary lifestyles by encouraging an accessible form of physical activity, explaining that “jogging is a bit more than a walk”. The jogging boom took a few years to get traction, hitting its stride in the mid- to late-80s, but it remains one of the most popular forms of exercise, now also in groups.

The exercise craze that dominated the 19505 was, oddly, not even an exercise. The vibrating exercise belt promised users could achieve effortless weight loss by having their midriffs violently jiggled. It didn’t work, but you can still find similar machines available for purchase today.

Question 14

Why do Google searches related to physical fitness peak in January?

A

It is the time to renew gym membership.

B

It is a common new year resolution.

C

In the new year people want to look slim and trim.

D

The cold weather encourages people to exercise.

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

Sedentary lifestyles are killing us — we need to build activity into our everyday lives, not just leave it for the gym. Google searches relating to physical fitness peak in January. Many people even trawl the web to find out about “desk exercises” and “workouts on the go” in case they are too busy to use their new gym memberships.

Our relationship with exercise is complicated. Reports from the UK and the US show it is something we persistently struggle with. As the new year rolls around, we anticipate having the drive to behave differently and become regular exercisers, even in the knowledge that we will probably fail to do so. Why do we want to exercise? What do we expect it to do for us? We all know we are supposed to be exercising, but hundreds of millions of us can’t face actually doing it. It is just possible that the problem lies at the heart of the idea of exercise itself.

Exercise is movement of the muscles and limbs for a specific outcome, usually to enhance physical fitness. As such, for most of us, it is an optional addition to the working day — yet another item on a long list of responsibilities alongside the fulfilment of parental duties or earning money to put food on the table. But because the principal beneficiaries of exercises are we ourselves, it is one of the easiest chores to Shirk. At the end of the working day, millions of us prefer to indulge in sedentary leisure activities instead of what we all think is good for us: a workout.

Fitness crazes are like diets: if any of them worked, there wouldn’t be so many. CrossFit, the intensely physical, communal workout incorporating free weights, squats, pull-ups and so forth, is still less than 20 years old. Spin classes — vigorous group workouts on stationary bikes — have only been around for about 30. Aerobics was a craze about a decade before that, although many of its highenergy routines had already been around for a while. Before that, there was the jogging revolution, which began in the US in the early 19605. The Joggers Manual, published in 1963 by the Oregon Heart Foundation, was a leaflet of about 200 words that sought to address the postwar panic about sedentary lifestyles by encouraging an accessible form of physical activity, explaining that “jogging is a bit more than a walk”. The jogging boom took a few years to get traction, hitting its stride in the mid- to late-80s, but it remains one of the most popular forms of exercise, now also in groups.

The exercise craze that dominated the 19505 was, oddly, not even an exercise. The vibrating exercise belt promised users could achieve effortless weight loss by having their midriffs violently jiggled. It didn’t work, but you can still find similar machines available for purchase today.

Question 15

The sentence — “Exercise is movement of the muscles and limbs for a specific outcome, usually to enhance physical fitness”

A

defines exercise

B

devalues exercise

C

defends exercise

D

describes exercise

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

Sedentary lifestyles are killing us — we need to build activity into our everyday lives, not just leave it for the gym. Google searches relating to physical fitness peak in January. Many people even trawl the web to find out about “desk exercises” and “workouts on the go” in case they are too busy to use their new gym memberships.

Our relationship with exercise is complicated. Reports from the UK and the US show it is something we persistently struggle with. As the new year rolls around, we anticipate having the drive to behave differently and become regular exercisers, even in the knowledge that we will probably fail to do so. Why do we want to exercise? What do we expect it to do for us? We all know we are supposed to be exercising, but hundreds of millions of us can’t face actually doing it. It is just possible that the problem lies at the heart of the idea of exercise itself.

Exercise is movement of the muscles and limbs for a specific outcome, usually to enhance physical fitness. As such, for most of us, it is an optional addition to the working day — yet another item on a long list of responsibilities alongside the fulfilment of parental duties or earning money to put food on the table. But because the principal beneficiaries of exercises are we ourselves, it is one of the easiest chores to Shirk. At the end of the working day, millions of us prefer to indulge in sedentary leisure activities instead of what we all think is good for us: a workout.

Fitness crazes are like diets: if any of them worked, there wouldn’t be so many. CrossFit, the intensely physical, communal workout incorporating free weights, squats, pull-ups and so forth, is still less than 20 years old. Spin classes — vigorous group workouts on stationary bikes — have only been around for about 30. Aerobics was a craze about a decade before that, although many of its highenergy routines had already been around for a while. Before that, there was the jogging revolution, which began in the US in the early 19605. The Joggers Manual, published in 1963 by the Oregon Heart Foundation, was a leaflet of about 200 words that sought to address the postwar panic about sedentary lifestyles by encouraging an accessible form of physical activity, explaining that “jogging is a bit more than a walk”. The jogging boom took a few years to get traction, hitting its stride in the mid- to late-80s, but it remains one of the most popular forms of exercise, now also in groups.

The exercise craze that dominated the 19505 was, oddly, not even an exercise. The vibrating exercise belt promised users could achieve effortless weight loss by having their midriffs violently jiggled. It didn’t work, but you can still find similar machines available for purchase today.

Question 16

Which expression means the same as ‘an intense and widely shared enthusiasm for something, especially one that is short-lived; a craze.’

A

Mania

B

Fad

C

Phase

D

Obsession

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

By the 19205 the improvements in street lighting, domestic lighting and a surge in cofiee houses - which were sometimes open all night — was complete. As the night became a place for legitimate activity, the length of time people could dedicate to rest dwindled.” Evening's Empire puts forward an account of how this happened. "Associations with night before the 17th Century were not good,” it says. “The night was a place populated by people of disrepute - criminals, prostitutes and drunks. Even the wealthy, who could afford candlelight, had better things to spend their money on. There was no prestige or social value associated with staying up all night."

That changed in the wake of the Reformation and the counter- Reformation. Protestants and Catholics became accustomed to holding secret services at night. If earlier the night had belonged to reprobates, now respectable people became accustomed to exploiting the hours of
darkness. This trend migrated to the social sphere too, but only for those who could afford to live by candlelight. With the advent of street lighting, however, socializing at night began to filter down through the classes.

In 1667, Paris became the first city in the world to light its streets, using wax candles in glass lamps. It was followed by Lille in the same year and Amsterdam two years later, where a much more efficient oilpowered lamp was developed. A small city like Leipzig in central Germany employed 100 men to tend to 700 lamps. London didn‘t join their ranks until 1684 but by the end of the century, more than 50 of Europe's major tovms and cities were lit at night. Night became
fashionable and spending hours lying in bed was considered a waste of time.

"People were becoming increasingly time-conscious and sensitive to efficiency, certainly before the 19th Century," says Roger Ekirch. "But the industrial revolution intensified that attitude by leaps and bounds." Strong evidence of this shifting attitude is contained in a medical journal from 1829 which urged parents to force their children out of a pattern of first and second sleep. "If no disease or accident there intervene, they will need no further repose than that obtained in their first sleep.”

Today, most people seem to have adapted quite well to the eight-hour sleep, but Ekirch believes many sleeping problems may have roots in the human body’s natural preference for segmented sleep as well as the ubiquity of artificial light. This could be the root of a condition called sleep maintenance insomnia, where people wake during the night and have trouble getting back to sleep, he suggests. The condition first appears in literature at the end of the 19th Century, at the same time as accounts of segmented sleep disappear.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the nights in 19205 in Europe?

A

Mostly people of disrepute haunted the streets at night.

B

Nights became a time for legitimate activity

C

Protestants and Catholics started holding secret services at night.

D

Socializing at night became common among all classes.

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

By the 19205 the improvements in street lighting, domestic lighting and a surge in cofiee houses - which were sometimes open all night — was complete. As the night became a place for legitimate activity, the length of time people could dedicate to rest dwindled.” Evening's Empire puts forward an account of how this happened. "Associations with night before the 17th Century were not good,” it says. “The night was a place populated by people of disrepute - criminals, prostitutes and drunks. Even the wealthy, who could afford candlelight, had better things to spend their money on. There was no prestige or social value associated with staying up all night."

That changed in the wake of the Reformation and the counter- Reformation. Protestants and Catholics became accustomed to holding secret services at night. If earlier the night had belonged to reprobates, now respectable people became accustomed to exploiting the hours of
darkness. This trend migrated to the social sphere too, but only for those who could afford to live by candlelight. With the advent of street lighting, however, socializing at night began to filter down through the classes.

In 1667, Paris became the first city in the world to light its streets, using wax candles in glass lamps. It was followed by Lille in the same year and Amsterdam two years later, where a much more efficient oilpowered lamp was developed. A small city like Leipzig in central Germany employed 100 men to tend to 700 lamps. London didn‘t join their ranks until 1684 but by the end of the century, more than 50 of Europe's major tovms and cities were lit at night. Night became
fashionable and spending hours lying in bed was considered a waste of time.

"People were becoming increasingly time-conscious and sensitive to efficiency, certainly before the 19th Century," says Roger Ekirch. "But the industrial revolution intensified that attitude by leaps and bounds." Strong evidence of this shifting attitude is contained in a medical journal from 1829 which urged parents to force their children out of a pattern of first and second sleep. "If no disease or accident there intervene, they will need no further repose than that obtained in their first sleep.”

Today, most people seem to have adapted quite well to the eight-hour sleep, but Ekirch believes many sleeping problems may have roots in the human body’s natural preference for segmented sleep as well as the ubiquity of artificial light. This could be the root of a condition called sleep maintenance insomnia, where people wake during the night and have trouble getting back to sleep, he suggests. The condition first appears in literature at the end of the 19th Century, at the same time as accounts of segmented sleep disappear.

Question 18

Which of the following phenomena helped classdivision vanish vis-a-vis nightlife?

A

Counter-reformation

B

Reformation

C

Streetlights

D

Cheaper candles

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

By the 19205 the improvements in street lighting, domestic lighting and a surge in cofiee houses - which were sometimes open all night — was complete. As the night became a place for legitimate activity, the length of time people could dedicate to rest dwindled.” Evening's Empire puts forward an account of how this happened. "Associations with night before the 17th Century were not good,” it says. “The night was a place populated by people of disrepute - criminals, prostitutes and drunks. Even the wealthy, who could afford candlelight, had better things to spend their money on. There was no prestige or social value associated with staying up all night."

That changed in the wake of the Reformation and the counter- Reformation. Protestants and Catholics became accustomed to holding secret services at night. If earlier the night had belonged to reprobates, now respectable people became accustomed to exploiting the hours of
darkness. This trend migrated to the social sphere too, but only for those who could afford to live by candlelight. With the advent of street lighting, however, socializing at night began to filter down through the classes.

In 1667, Paris became the first city in the world to light its streets, using wax candles in glass lamps. It was followed by Lille in the same year and Amsterdam two years later, where a much more efficient oilpowered lamp was developed. A small city like Leipzig in central Germany employed 100 men to tend to 700 lamps. London didn‘t join their ranks until 1684 but by the end of the century, more than 50 of Europe's major tovms and cities were lit at night. Night became
fashionable and spending hours lying in bed was considered a waste of time.

"People were becoming increasingly time-conscious and sensitive to efficiency, certainly before the 19th Century," says Roger Ekirch. "But the industrial revolution intensified that attitude by leaps and bounds." Strong evidence of this shifting attitude is contained in a medical journal from 1829 which urged parents to force their children out of a pattern of first and second sleep. "If no disease or accident there intervene, they will need no further repose than that obtained in their first sleep.”

Today, most people seem to have adapted quite well to the eight-hour sleep, but Ekirch believes many sleeping problems may have roots in the human body’s natural preference for segmented sleep as well as the ubiquity of artificial light. This could be the root of a condition called sleep maintenance insomnia, where people wake during the night and have trouble getting back to sleep, he suggests. The condition first appears in literature at the end of the 19th Century, at the same time as accounts of segmented sleep disappear.

Question 19

The author observes, “by the end of the century, more than 50 of Europe's major towns and cities were lit at night.” Which century was he referring to?

A

$$17^{th}$$ century

B

$$19^{th}$$ century

C

$$16^{th}$$ century

D

$$20^{th}$$ century

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

By the 19205 the improvements in street lighting, domestic lighting and a surge in cofiee houses - which were sometimes open all night — was complete. As the night became a place for legitimate activity, the length of time people could dedicate to rest dwindled.” Evening's Empire puts forward an account of how this happened. "Associations with night before the 17th Century were not good,” it says. “The night was a place populated by people of disrepute - criminals, prostitutes and drunks. Even the wealthy, who could afford candlelight, had better things to spend their money on. There was no prestige or social value associated with staying up all night."

That changed in the wake of the Reformation and the counter- Reformation. Protestants and Catholics became accustomed to holding secret services at night. If earlier the night had belonged to reprobates, now respectable people became accustomed to exploiting the hours of
darkness. This trend migrated to the social sphere too, but only for those who could afford to live by candlelight. With the advent of street lighting, however, socializing at night began to filter down through the classes.

In 1667, Paris became the first city in the world to light its streets, using wax candles in glass lamps. It was followed by Lille in the same year and Amsterdam two years later, where a much more efficient oilpowered lamp was developed. A small city like Leipzig in central Germany employed 100 men to tend to 700 lamps. London didn‘t join their ranks until 1684 but by the end of the century, more than 50 of Europe's major tovms and cities were lit at night. Night became
fashionable and spending hours lying in bed was considered a waste of time.

"People were becoming increasingly time-conscious and sensitive to efficiency, certainly before the 19th Century," says Roger Ekirch. "But the industrial revolution intensified that attitude by leaps and bounds." Strong evidence of this shifting attitude is contained in a medical journal from 1829 which urged parents to force their children out of a pattern of first and second sleep. "If no disease or accident there intervene, they will need no further repose than that obtained in their first sleep.”

Today, most people seem to have adapted quite well to the eight-hour sleep, but Ekirch believes many sleeping problems may have roots in the human body’s natural preference for segmented sleep as well as the ubiquity of artificial light. This could be the root of a condition called sleep maintenance insomnia, where people wake during the night and have trouble getting back to sleep, he suggests. The condition first appears in literature at the end of the 19th Century, at the same time as accounts of segmented sleep disappear.

Question 20

In which city were 100 men employed to tend to 700 lamps?

A

London

B

Lille

C

Amsterdam

D

Leipzig

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

By the 19205 the improvements in street lighting, domestic lighting and a surge in cofiee houses - which were sometimes open all night — was complete. As the night became a place for legitimate activity, the length of time people could dedicate to rest dwindled.” Evening's Empire puts forward an account of how this happened. "Associations with night before the 17th Century were not good,” it says. “The night was a place populated by people of disrepute - criminals, prostitutes and drunks. Even the wealthy, who could afford candlelight, had better things to spend their money on. There was no prestige or social value associated with staying up all night."

That changed in the wake of the Reformation and the counter- Reformation. Protestants and Catholics became accustomed to holding secret services at night. If earlier the night had belonged to reprobates, now respectable people became accustomed to exploiting the hours of
darkness. This trend migrated to the social sphere too, but only for those who could afford to live by candlelight. With the advent of street lighting, however, socializing at night began to filter down through the classes.

In 1667, Paris became the first city in the world to light its streets, using wax candles in glass lamps. It was followed by Lille in the same year and Amsterdam two years later, where a much more efficient oilpowered lamp was developed. A small city like Leipzig in central Germany employed 100 men to tend to 700 lamps. London didn‘t join their ranks until 1684 but by the end of the century, more than 50 of Europe's major tovms and cities were lit at night. Night became
fashionable and spending hours lying in bed was considered a waste of time.

"People were becoming increasingly time-conscious and sensitive to efficiency, certainly before the 19th Century," says Roger Ekirch. "But the industrial revolution intensified that attitude by leaps and bounds." Strong evidence of this shifting attitude is contained in a medical journal from 1829 which urged parents to force their children out of a pattern of first and second sleep. "If no disease or accident there intervene, they will need no further repose than that obtained in their first sleep.”

Today, most people seem to have adapted quite well to the eight-hour sleep, but Ekirch believes many sleeping problems may have roots in the human body’s natural preference for segmented sleep as well as the ubiquity of artificial light. This could be the root of a condition called sleep maintenance insomnia, where people wake during the night and have trouble getting back to sleep, he suggests. The condition first appears in literature at the end of the 19th Century, at the same time as accounts of segmented sleep disappear.

Question 21

Which is the most significant cause of sleep maintenance insomnia?

A

ubiquity of artificial light

B

waking up during the night

C

a gowing belief in eight-hour-sleep blocs

D

ignoring the human body's natural preference for segmented sleep

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

We often worry about lying awake in the middle of the night - but it could be good for you. A growing body of evidence from both science and history suggests that the eight-hour sleep may be unnatural. In the early 19903, psychiatrist Thomas Wehr conducted an experiment in which a group of people were plunged into darkness for 14 hours every day for a month. It took some time for their sleep to regulate but by the fourth week the subjects had settled into a very distinct sleeping pattern. They slept first for four hours, then woke for one or two hours before falling into a second four-hour sleep. Though sleep scientists were impressed by the study, among the general public the idea that we must sleep for eight consecutive hours persists.

In 2001, historian Roger Ekirch of Virginia Tech published a seminal paper, drawn fiom 16 years of research, revealing a wealth of historical evidence that humans used to sleep in two distinct chunks. Roger Ekirch says a 1595 engraving by Jan Saenredam is evidence of activity at night. His book At Day’s Close: Night in Times Past, published four years later, unearths more than 500 references to a segmented sleeping pattern - in diaries, court records, medical books and literature, from Homer's Odyssey to an anthropological account of modern tribes in Nigeria.

Much like the experience of Wehr‘s subjects, these references describe a first sleep which began about two hours after dusk, followed by waking period of one or two hours and then a second sleep. "It's not just the number of references - it is the way they refer to it, as if it was common knowledge,"Ekirch| says. During this waking period people were quite active. They often got up, went to the toilet or smoked tobacco and some even visited neighbors. Most people stayed in bed, read, wrote and often prayed. Countless prayer manuals fi‘om the late 15th century offered special prayers for the hours in between sleeps. Ekirch found that references to the first and second sleep started to disappear during the late 17th Century. This started among the urban upper classes in northem Europe and over the course of the next 200 years filtered down to the rest of Western society. By the 19208 the idea of a first and second sleep had receded entirely fiom our social consciousness. He attributes the initial shift to improvements in street
lighting, domestic lighting and a surge in coffee houses - which were sometimes open all night. As the night became a place for legitimate activity and as that activity increased, the length of time people could dedicate to rest dwindled.

Question 22

The above passage .......... that an eight-hour sleep is natural.

A

confirms the myth

B

elaborates the myth

C

promotes the myth

D

examines the myth

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

We often worry about lying awake in the middle of the night - but it could be good for you. A growing body of evidence from both science and history suggests that the eight-hour sleep may be unnatural. In the early 19903, psychiatrist Thomas Wehr conducted an experiment in which a group of people were plunged into darkness for 14 hours every day for a month. It took some time for their sleep to regulate but by the fourth week the subjects had settled into a very distinct sleeping pattern. They slept first for four hours, then woke for one or two hours before falling into a second four-hour sleep. Though sleep scientists were impressed by the study, among the general public the idea that we must sleep for eight consecutive hours persists.

In 2001, historian Roger Ekirch of Virginia Tech published a seminal paper, drawn fiom 16 years of research, revealing a wealth of historical evidence that humans used to sleep in two distinct chunks. Roger Ekirch says a 1595 engraving by Jan Saenredam is evidence of activity at night. His book At Day’s Close: Night in Times Past, published four years later, unearths more than 500 references to a segmented sleeping pattern - in diaries, court records, medical books and literature, from Homer's Odyssey to an anthropological account of modern tribes in Nigeria.

Much like the experience of Wehr‘s subjects, these references describe a first sleep which began about two hours after dusk, followed by waking period of one or two hours and then a second sleep. "It's not just the number of references - it is the way they refer to it, as if it was common knowledge,"Ekirch| says. During this waking period people were quite active. They often got up, went to the toilet or smoked tobacco and some even visited neighbors. Most people stayed in bed, read, wrote and often prayed. Countless prayer manuals fi‘om the late 15th century offered special prayers for the hours in between sleeps. Ekirch found that references to the first and second sleep started to disappear during the late 17th Century. This started among the urban upper classes in northem Europe and over the course of the next 200 years filtered down to the rest of Western society. By the 19208 the idea of a first and second sleep had receded entirely fiom our social consciousness. He attributes the initial shift to improvements in street
lighting, domestic lighting and a surge in coffee houses - which were sometimes open all night. As the night became a place for legitimate activity and as that activity increased, the length of time people could dedicate to rest dwindled.

Question 23

What did the experiment conducted by Thomas Wehr prove?

A

It brought into question that sleeping for four consecutive hours is necessary.

B

It proved sleeping for eight consecutive hours is not a norm.

C

It established that when the nights are longer, people slept in two distinct chunks.

D

It proved that all people slept in two distinct chunks of four hours.

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

We often worry about lying awake in the middle of the night - but it could be good for you. A growing body of evidence from both science and history suggests that the eight-hour sleep may be unnatural. In the early 19903, psychiatrist Thomas Wehr conducted an experiment in which a group of people were plunged into darkness for 14 hours every day for a month. It took some time for their sleep to regulate but by the fourth week the subjects had settled into a very distinct sleeping pattern. They slept first for four hours, then woke for one or two hours before falling into a second four-hour sleep. Though sleep scientists were impressed by the study, among the general public the idea that we must sleep for eight consecutive hours persists.

In 2001, historian Roger Ekirch of Virginia Tech published a seminal paper, drawn fiom 16 years of research, revealing a wealth of historical evidence that humans used to sleep in two distinct chunks. Roger Ekirch says a 1595 engraving by Jan Saenredam is evidence of activity at night. His book At Day’s Close: Night in Times Past, published four years later, unearths more than 500 references to a segmented sleeping pattern - in diaries, court records, medical books and literature, from Homer's Odyssey to an anthropological account of modern tribes in Nigeria.

Much like the experience of Wehr‘s subjects, these references describe a first sleep which began about two hours after dusk, followed by waking period of one or two hours and then a second sleep. "It's not just the number of references - it is the way they refer to it, as if it was common knowledge,"Ekirch| says. During this waking period people were quite active. They often got up, went to the toilet or smoked tobacco and some even visited neighbors. Most people stayed in bed, read, wrote and often prayed. Countless prayer manuals fi‘om the late 15th century offered special prayers for the hours in between sleeps. Ekirch found that references to the first and second sleep started to disappear during the late 17th Century. This started among the urban upper classes in northem Europe and over the course of the next 200 years filtered down to the rest of Western society. By the 19208 the idea of a first and second sleep had receded entirely fiom our social consciousness. He attributes the initial shift to improvements in street
lighting, domestic lighting and a surge in coffee houses - which were sometimes open all night. As the night became a place for legitimate activity and as that activity increased, the length of time people could dedicate to rest dwindled.

Question 24

Roger Ekirch indicated that ..........

A

sleeping for eight consecutive hours is a modern standard for sleep.

B

a segmented sleeping pattern was an established common habit in nations with long winters.

C

a segmented sleeping pattern was a historically established common old habit.

D

the practice of sleeping for eight consecutive hours was popularized by epics

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

We often worry about lying awake in the middle of the night - but it could be good for you. A growing body of evidence from both science and history suggests that the eight-hour sleep may be unnatural. In the early 19903, psychiatrist Thomas Wehr conducted an experiment in which a group of people were plunged into darkness for 14 hours every day for a month. It took some time for their sleep to regulate but by the fourth week the subjects had settled into a very distinct sleeping pattern. They slept first for four hours, then woke for one or two hours before falling into a second four-hour sleep. Though sleep scientists were impressed by the study, among the general public the idea that we must sleep for eight consecutive hours persists.

In 2001, historian Roger Ekirch of Virginia Tech published a seminal paper, drawn fiom 16 years of research, revealing a wealth of historical evidence that humans used to sleep in two distinct chunks. Roger Ekirch says a 1595 engraving by Jan Saenredam is evidence of activity at night. His book At Day’s Close: Night in Times Past, published four years later, unearths more than 500 references to a segmented sleeping pattern - in diaries, court records, medical books and literature, from Homer's Odyssey to an anthropological account of modern tribes in Nigeria.

Much like the experience of Wehr‘s subjects, these references describe a first sleep which began about two hours after dusk, followed by waking period of one or two hours and then a second sleep. "It's not just the number of references - it is the way they refer to it, as if it was common knowledge,"Ekirch| says. During this waking period people were quite active. They often got up, went to the toilet or smoked tobacco and some even visited neighbors. Most people stayed in bed, read, wrote and often prayed. Countless prayer manuals fi‘om the late 15th century offered special prayers for the hours in between sleeps. Ekirch found that references to the first and second sleep started to disappear during the late 17th Century. This started among the urban upper classes in northem Europe and over the course of the next 200 years filtered down to the rest of Western society. By the 19208 the idea of a first and second sleep had receded entirely fiom our social consciousness. He attributes the initial shift to improvements in street
lighting, domestic lighting and a surge in coffee houses - which were sometimes open all night. As the night became a place for legitimate activity and as that activity increased, the length of time people could dedicate to rest dwindled.

Question 25

Which of the following options is NOT true with reference to the segmented sleeping pattern?

A

People were physically active.

B

People were socially active.

C

People prayed actively.

D

People visited all-night coffee shops.

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.
Passage:

We often worry about lying awake in the middle of the night - but it could be good for you. A growing body of evidence from both science and history suggests that the eight-hour sleep may be unnatural. In the early 19903, psychiatrist Thomas Wehr conducted an experiment in which a group of people were plunged into darkness for 14 hours every day for a month. It took some time for their sleep to regulate but by the fourth week the subjects had settled into a very distinct sleeping pattern. They slept first for four hours, then woke for one or two hours before falling into a second four-hour sleep. Though sleep scientists were impressed by the study, among the general public the idea that we must sleep for eight consecutive hours persists.

In 2001, historian Roger Ekirch of Virginia Tech published a seminal paper, drawn fiom 16 years of research, revealing a wealth of historical evidence that humans used to sleep in two distinct chunks. Roger Ekirch says a 1595 engraving by Jan Saenredam is evidence of activity at night. His book At Day’s Close: Night in Times Past, published four years later, unearths more than 500 references to a segmented sleeping pattern - in diaries, court records, medical books and literature, from Homer's Odyssey to an anthropological account of modern tribes in Nigeria.

Much like the experience of Wehr‘s subjects, these references describe a first sleep which began about two hours after dusk, followed by waking period of one or two hours and then a second sleep. "It's not just the number of references - it is the way they refer to it, as if it was common knowledge,"Ekirch| says. During this waking period people were quite active. They often got up, went to the toilet or smoked tobacco and some even visited neighbors. Most people stayed in bed, read, wrote and often prayed. Countless prayer manuals fi‘om the late 15th century offered special prayers for the hours in between sleeps. Ekirch found that references to the first and second sleep started to disappear during the late 17th Century. This started among the urban upper classes in northem Europe and over the course of the next 200 years filtered down to the rest of Western society. By the 19208 the idea of a first and second sleep had receded entirely fiom our social consciousness. He attributes the initial shift to improvements in street
lighting, domestic lighting and a surge in coffee houses - which were sometimes open all night. As the night became a place for legitimate activity and as that activity increased, the length of time people could dedicate to rest dwindled.

Question 26

What caused the idea of a first and second sleep to entirely recede from our social consciousness?

A

Industrialization and introduction of night shifts

B

All-night coffee shops

C

A group of rich people defying sleep

D

An active night life facilitated by artificial lighting

Instructions

Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
Passage:

To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind are prone, no superhuman brain is required. A few simple rules will keep you free, not from all errors, but from silly errors. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have
avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. Thinking that you know when in fact you do not is a bad mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval writers knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.

Question 27

The author portrays mankind as

A

superhuman

B

by and large ignorant

C

intelligent

D

ancient

Instructions

Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
Passage:

To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind are prone, no superhuman brain is required. A few simple rules will keep you free, not from all errors, but from silly errors. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have
avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. Thinking that you know when in fact you do not is a bad mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval writers knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.

Question 28

According to the author, unicorns and salamanders

A

have existed in the past

B

are invisible

C

caused writers to write strange stories.

D

never really existed

Instructions

Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
Passage:

To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind are prone, no superhuman brain is required. A few simple rules will keep you free, not from all errors, but from silly errors. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have
avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. Thinking that you know when in fact you do not is a bad mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval writers knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.

Question 29

The author implies that

A

he has never seen hedgehogs eating beetles

B

hedgehogs eat only black beetles

C

they do not eat black beetles

D

he is writing a book on hedgehogs.

Instructions

Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
Passage:

To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind are prone, no superhuman brain is required. A few simple rules will keep you free, not from all errors, but from silly errors. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have
avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. Thinking that you know when in fact you do not is a bad mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval writers knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.

Question 30

The author is in favour of drawing conclusions on the basis of

A

discussion

B

consultation

C

observation

D

reasoning

Instructions

Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
Passage:

To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind are prone, no superhuman brain is required. A few simple rules will keep you free, not from all errors, but from silly errors. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have
avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. Thinking that you know when in fact you do not is a bad mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval writers knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.

Question 31

The attitude of the author is

A

cultural

B

scientific

C

cynical

D

philosophical

Instructions

Read the passage and choose the correct option to answer the questions.
Passage:

Over 550 people on board the Greek luxury liner. Oceanos, were rescued off the Transkei coast in the biggest and the most successful sea rescue since World War 2. It sailed out of East London packed with holiday makers and was headed for Durban. Most of the passengers were South African and members of the crew were from Greece. Egypt. Britain and Htmgary. The Oceanos began to sink in heavy seas and high winds near the Coffee Bay. Captain Cook said it was reported that the engine room of the ship was flooded and the ship was without power. drifting in the high seas. "We were all at sea, but soon we were lifted with ropes into helicopters hovering above the ship. From there we were flown to land." reported a passenger. They landed on a golf course. Someone made a comment. " This happens in movies. I can't believe the ship has sunk." The luckiest person alive was Mr. Avgerinos, the casino manager. He fell out of a life boat. He floated in his life jacket for 10 hours before he was found. The cause of the disaster is not known till this day.

Question 32

Why was the casino manager the luckiest person?

A

he was saved first by the helicopters

B

he could manage to get a life jacket.

C

it took 10 hours for the rescue team to find him.

D

he was rescued after floating for 10 hours

Instructions

Read the passage and choose the correct option to answer the questions.
Passage:

Over 550 people on board the Greek luxury liner. Oceanos, were rescued off the Transkei coast in the biggest and the most successful sea rescue since World War 2. It sailed out of East London packed with holiday makers and was headed for Durban. Most of the passengers were South African and members of the crew were from Greece. Egypt. Britain and Htmgary. The Oceanos began to sink in heavy seas and high winds near the Coffee Bay. Captain Cook said it was reported that the engine room of the ship was flooded and the ship was without power. drifting in the high seas. "We were all at sea, but soon we were lifted with ropes into helicopters hovering above the ship. From there we were flown to land." reported a passenger. They landed on a golf course. Someone made a comment. " This happens in movies. I can't believe the ship has sunk." The luckiest person alive was Mr. Avgerinos, the casino manager. He fell out of a life boat. He floated in his life jacket for 10 hours before he was found. The cause of the disaster is not known till this day.

Question 33

What does it mean when someone said, "This happens in movies."?

A

Oceanos was a luxury liner.

B

He thought he was watching a movie.

C

Such big ocean liners never sink

D

He did not believe such things happen in real life.

Instructions

Read the passage and choose the correct option to answer the questions.
Passage:

Over 550 people on board the Greek luxury liner. Oceanos, were rescued off the Transkei coast in the biggest and the most successful sea rescue since World War 2. It sailed out of East London packed with holiday makers and was headed for Durban. Most of the passengers were South African and members of the crew were from Greece. Egypt. Britain and Htmgary. The Oceanos began to sink in heavy seas and high winds near the Coffee Bay. Captain Cook said it was reported that the engine room of the ship was flooded and the ship was without power. drifting in the high seas. "We were all at sea, but soon we were lifted with ropes into helicopters hovering above the ship. From there we were flown to land." reported a passenger. They landed on a golf course. Someone made a comment. " This happens in movies. I can't believe the ship has sunk." The luckiest person alive was Mr. Avgerinos, the casino manager. He fell out of a life boat. He floated in his life jacket for 10 hours before he was found. The cause of the disaster is not known till this day.

Question 34

'We were all at sea' means:

A

they were all very confused.

B

the ship had set sail.

C

they were on a ship.

D

they were all watching the sea from the ship.

Instructions

Read the passage and choose the correct option to answer the questions.
Passage:

Over 550 people on board the Greek luxury liner. Oceanos, were rescued off the Transkei coast in the biggest and the most successful sea rescue since World War 2. It sailed out of East London packed with holiday makers and was headed for Durban. Most of the passengers were South African and members of the crew were from Greece. Egypt. Britain and Htmgary. The Oceanos began to sink in heavy seas and high winds near the Coffee Bay. Captain Cook said it was reported that the engine room of the ship was flooded and the ship was without power. drifting in the high seas. "We were all at sea, but soon we were lifted with ropes into helicopters hovering above the ship. From there we were flown to land." reported a passenger. They landed on a golf course. Someone made a comment. " This happens in movies. I can't believe the ship has sunk." The luckiest person alive was Mr. Avgerinos, the casino manager. He fell out of a life boat. He floated in his life jacket for 10 hours before he was found. The cause of the disaster is not known till this day.

Question 35

What two things went wrong inside Oceanos?

A

It was the most successful and biggest rescue operation

B

South African Air force and Navy came to rescue

C

heavy seas and high winds

D

No power, engine room flooded

Instructions

Read the passage and choose the correct option to answer the questions.
Passage:

Over 550 people on board the Greek luxury liner. Oceanos, were rescued off the Transkei coast in the biggest and the most successful sea rescue since World War 2. It sailed out of East London packed with holiday makers and was headed for Durban. Most of the passengers were South African and members of the crew were from Greece. Egypt. Britain and Htmgary. The Oceanos began to sink in heavy seas and high winds near the Coffee Bay. Captain Cook said it was reported that the engine room of the ship was flooded and the ship was without power. drifting in the high seas. "We were all at sea, but soon we were lifted with ropes into helicopters hovering above the ship. From there we were flown to land." reported a passenger. They landed on a golf course. Someone made a comment. " This happens in movies. I can't believe the ship has sunk." The luckiest person alive was Mr. Avgerinos, the casino manager. He fell out of a life boat. He floated in his life jacket for 10 hours before he was found. The cause of the disaster is not known till this day.

Question 36

What was the origin and destination of the Oceanos?

A

East London- Durban

B

Greece, East London

C

South Africa- East London

D

East London, Greece

Instructions

Read the passage and choose the correct option to answer the questions.
Passage:

Ladakh does not have any lions. tigers or panthers. It however. has a leopard peculiar to the region. This is the snow leopard, obviously so called because the animal is usually found near the snow-line, and when seen from a distance, seems to be white or snowy. The snow leopard is sometimes called the sated cheetah.
The snow leopard as the name indicates. is essentially an inhabitant of the high snowy mountains and is found all along the snow lines of the Himalayas. But they can be seen only rarely as they are nocturnal in their habits. There has been a great diminution in their numbers in recent decades, as much from the growing scarcity of their natural prey as due to the greater availability of arms to the natives, who attack and kill the animal for its valuable fur or just for fun. The snow leopard preys heavily on the innocent fellow denizens of the Himalayan heights: bharaL of whom it is especially fond, shapo, ibex and marmot. This has made the animal whose appearance disturbs the animals in a locality for days together.

Question 37

The two reasons why the number of the snow leopard has decreased are:

A

a lot of them have been killed by natives and they cannot live anywhere else

B

the villagers are better armed and kill them for their fur

C

the lions and tigers prey on it. it has very few animals to prey on

D

the animals it preys on have reduced and the natives kill them

Instructions

Read the passage and choose the correct option to answer the questions.
Passage:

Ladakh does not have any lions. tigers or panthers. It however. has a leopard peculiar to the region. This is the snow leopard, obviously so called because the animal is usually found near the snow-line, and when seen from a distance, seems to be white or snowy. The snow leopard is sometimes called the sated cheetah.
The snow leopard as the name indicates. is essentially an inhabitant of the high snowy mountains and is found all along the snow lines of the Himalayas. But they can be seen only rarely as they are nocturnal in their habits. There has been a great diminution in their numbers in recent decades, as much from the growing scarcity of their natural prey as due to the greater availability of arms to the natives, who attack and kill the animal for its valuable fur or just for fun. The snow leopard preys heavily on the innocent fellow denizens of the Himalayan heights: bharaL of whom it is especially fond, shapo, ibex and marmot. This has made the animal whose appearance disturbs the animals in a locality for days together.

Question 38

In what context does the writer mention the lions and the tigers?

A

most dreaded animals.

B

other animals found in the region.

C

animals the snow leopard preys on

D

animals not found in Ladakh

Instructions

Read the passage and choose the correct option to answer the questions.
Passage:

Ladakh does not have any lions. tigers or panthers. It however. has a leopard peculiar to the region. This is the snow leopard, obviously so called because the animal is usually found near the snow-line, and when seen from a distance, seems to be white or snowy. The snow leopard is sometimes called the sated cheetah.
The snow leopard as the name indicates. is essentially an inhabitant of the high snowy mountains and is found all along the snow lines of the Himalayas. But they can be seen only rarely as they are nocturnal in their habits. There has been a great diminution in their numbers in recent decades, as much from the growing scarcity of their natural prey as due to the greater availability of arms to the natives, who attack and kill the animal for its valuable fur or just for fun. The snow leopard preys heavily on the innocent fellow denizens of the Himalayan heights: bharaL of whom it is especially fond, shapo, ibex and marmot. This has made the animal whose appearance disturbs the animals in a locality for days together.

Question 39

The snow leopard is so called because:

A

It looks majestic and white

B

it is found in the Himalayan region and preys on other white animals

C

it is found in the Himalayan region and from far looks white

D

it is found in the Himalayan region and is inhabitant of Ladakh

Instructions

Read the passage and choose the correct option to answer the questions.
Passage:

Ladakh does not have any lions. tigers or panthers. It however. has a leopard peculiar to the region. This is the snow leopard, obviously so called because the animal is usually found near the snow-line, and when seen from a distance, seems to be white or snowy. The snow leopard is sometimes called the sated cheetah.
The snow leopard as the name indicates. is essentially an inhabitant of the high snowy mountains and is found all along the snow lines of the Himalayas. But they can be seen only rarely as they are nocturnal in their habits. There has been a great diminution in their numbers in recent decades, as much from the growing scarcity of their natural prey as due to the greater availability of arms to the natives, who attack and kill the animal for its valuable fur or just for fun. The snow leopard preys heavily on the innocent fellow denizens of the Himalayan heights: bharaL of whom it is especially fond, shapo, ibex and marmot. This has made the animal whose appearance disturbs the animals in a locality for days together.

Question 40

The central idea of the passage is:

A

the diminution of the snow leopard to

B

The snow leopard and its life in Ladakh

C

The habitat of the snow leopard

D

The snow leopard and its preys

Instructions

Read the passage and choose the correct option to answer the questions.
Passage:

Ladakh does not have any lions. tigers or panthers. It however. has a leopard peculiar to the region. This is the snow leopard, obviously so called because the animal is usually found near the snow-line, and when seen from a distance, seems to be white or snowy. The snow leopard is sometimes called the sated cheetah.
The snow leopard as the name indicates. is essentially an inhabitant of the high snowy mountains and is found all along the snow lines of the Himalayas. But they can be seen only rarely as they are nocturnal in their habits. There has been a great diminution in their numbers in recent decades, as much from the growing scarcity of their natural prey as due to the greater availability of arms to the natives, who attack and kill the animal for its valuable fur or just for fun. The snow leopard preys heavily on the innocent fellow denizens of the Himalayan heights: bharaL of whom it is especially fond, shapo, ibex and marmot. This has made the animal whose appearance disturbs the animals in a locality for days together.

Question 41

The writer mentions the shapo, ibex and marmot:

A

other animals who live in the Himalayan region

B

animals that the snow leopard does not hunt.

C

to name the animals on whom the snow leopard preys

D

small and innocent animals

Instructions

Read the passage and choose the correct option to answer the questions.
Passage:

Whales are the largest animals the world has ever known. That perhaps is the origin of the idiom 'having a whale of time'.
They are found in oceans and although they resemble huge fish, they really are mammals. One important way they differ from fish is their body temperature. They are warm blooded, so their temperature remains constant despite the surrounding climate. Extra protection is provided by the blubber, which keeps them wane even in the coldest water. Whales also differ from fish in their manner of breathing. Equipped with lungs instead of As, they are forced to hold their breath while under water. When a whale's supply of fresh air runs out, it must surface to breathe; otherwise it would drown. Another difference is the way they reproduce and rear their young ones. Babies are born alive and are initially nursed on their mother's milk. For Centuries humans have hunted whales for profitable reasons. Some laundry soaps contain whale oil. Whale meat is eaten in Norway and Japan.

Question 42

Why are whales considered as mammals?

A

They can survive in the coldest regions

B

they have lungs and are nursed by their mothers

C

They are larger than most of the fish

D

They have blubber

Instructions

Read the passage and choose the correct option to answer the questions.
Passage:

Whales are the largest animals the world has ever known. That perhaps is the origin of the idiom 'having a whale of time'.
They are found in oceans and although they resemble huge fish, they really are mammals. One important way they differ from fish is their body temperature. They are warm blooded, so their temperature remains constant despite the surrounding climate. Extra protection is provided by the blubber, which keeps them wane even in the coldest water. Whales also differ from fish in their manner of breathing. Equipped with lungs instead of As, they are forced to hold their breath while under water. When a whale's supply of fresh air runs out, it must surface to breathe; otherwise it would drown. Another difference is the way they reproduce and rear their young ones. Babies are born alive and are initially nursed on their mother's milk. For Centuries humans have hunted whales for profitable reasons. Some laundry soaps contain whale oil. Whale meat is eaten in Norway and Japan.

Question 43

why does a whale need to come out of water frequently?

A

to maintain body temperature

B

to breathe

C

to nurse the young ones

D

to look for a prey

Instructions

Read the passage and choose the correct option to answer the questions.
Passage:

Whales are the largest animals the world has ever known. That perhaps is the origin of the idiom 'having a whale of time'.
They are found in oceans and although they resemble huge fish, they really are mammals. One important way they differ from fish is their body temperature. They are warm blooded, so their temperature remains constant despite the surrounding climate. Extra protection is provided by the blubber, which keeps them wane even in the coldest water. Whales also differ from fish in their manner of breathing. Equipped with lungs instead of As, they are forced to hold their breath while under water. When a whale's supply of fresh air runs out, it must surface to breathe; otherwise it would drown. Another difference is the way they reproduce and rear their young ones. Babies are born alive and are initially nursed on their mother's milk. For Centuries humans have hunted whales for profitable reasons. Some laundry soaps contain whale oil. Whale meat is eaten in Norway and Japan.

Question 44

'having a whale of a time' means:

A

doing big things

B

riding the oceans

C

enjoying oneself thoroughly

D

time spent in whale watching

Instructions

Read the passage and choose the correct option to answer the questions.
Passage:

Whales are the largest animals the world has ever known. That perhaps is the origin of the idiom 'having a whale of time'.
They are found in oceans and although they resemble huge fish, they really are mammals. One important way they differ from fish is their body temperature. They are warm blooded, so their temperature remains constant despite the surrounding climate. Extra protection is provided by the blubber, which keeps them wane even in the coldest water. Whales also differ from fish in their manner of breathing. Equipped with lungs instead of As, they are forced to hold their breath while under water. When a whale's supply of fresh air runs out, it must surface to breathe; otherwise it would drown. Another difference is the way they reproduce and rear their young ones. Babies are born alive and are initially nursed on their mother's milk. For Centuries humans have hunted whales for profitable reasons. Some laundry soaps contain whale oil. Whale meat is eaten in Norway and Japan.

Question 45

Why do the whales need blubber?

A

it to maintain body temperature

B

to reproduce

C

it makes them huge

D

because they are mammals

Instructions

Read the passage and choose the correct option to answer the questions.
Passage:

Whales are the largest animals the world has ever known. That perhaps is the origin of the idiom 'having a whale of time'.
They are found in oceans and although they resemble huge fish, they really are mammals. One important way they differ from fish is their body temperature. They are warm blooded, so their temperature remains constant despite the surrounding climate. Extra protection is provided by the blubber, which keeps them wane even in the coldest water. Whales also differ from fish in their manner of breathing. Equipped with lungs instead of As, they are forced to hold their breath while under water. When a whale's supply of fresh air runs out, it must surface to breathe; otherwise it would drown. Another difference is the way they reproduce and rear their young ones. Babies are born alive and are initially nursed on their mother's milk. For Centuries humans have hunted whales for profitable reasons. Some laundry soaps contain whale oil. Whale meat is eaten in Norway and Japan.

Question 46

Whales do not have gills because:

A

they are warm blooded animals.

B

they have lungs.

C

they are large animals.

D

they are huge in size.

Instructions

Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.
Passage:

There may be some merit in this, but clearly, we need to look at the hawkers issue more broadly. For quite some time now, many middle-class citizens groups have urged strict action against hawkers, asking residents not to favour their business. The terms routinely used to refer to hawkers and vendors is “menace”, with their everyday businesses described as “encroachments” on public space. This, despite the fact that an existing 2014 central law, the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, protects their presence as a part of the right to livelihood. The law specifies the number of licensed hawkers permitted and outlines the process to implement a fair street vending policy. Mumbai and other cities have failed to implement the law to date, with the Mumbai municipality having frozen hawker licenses since 1978. As a result, only a fraction of Mumbai’s hawkers are licensed. Hawkers desire legal status — their illegality makes them vulnerable to extortion and harassment by a whole range of State and non-State actors.
Unfortunately, by looking upon the hawkers question as only a clearing of pavements issue, we have neglected to see their contribution in several other ways. Firstly, hawkers are not the only ones sullying our pavements. But they are far easier to target as villains than the middle-class who use pavements for car parking and shops/restaurants who unabashedly extend their shopfronts onto footpaths. Secondly, hawking is also an employment issue. It provides the urban poor a means to earn a legitimate livelihood, and in fact, many sell goods produced in small-scale or home-based industries.

Question 47

Why does the middle class think of hawking as a menace?

A

They think hawking is illegal activity

B

They think hawkers take away business from their shops

C

They think once hawkers get licenses it will be difficult to evict them

D

They think hawking crowds them out of public space

Instructions

Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.
Passage:

There may be some merit in this, but clearly, we need to look at the hawkers issue more broadly. For quite some time now, many middle-class citizens groups have urged strict action against hawkers, asking residents not to favour their business. The terms routinely used to refer to hawkers and vendors is “menace”, with their everyday businesses described as “encroachments” on public space. This, despite the fact that an existing 2014 central law, the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, protects their presence as a part of the right to livelihood. The law specifies the number of licensed hawkers permitted and outlines the process to implement a fair street vending policy. Mumbai and other cities have failed to implement the law to date, with the Mumbai municipality having frozen hawker licenses since 1978. As a result, only a fraction of Mumbai’s hawkers are licensed. Hawkers desire legal status — their illegality makes them vulnerable to extortion and harassment by a whole range of State and non-State actors.
Unfortunately, by looking upon the hawkers question as only a clearing of pavements issue, we have neglected to see their contribution in several other ways. Firstly, hawkers are not the only ones sullying our pavements. But they are far easier to target as villains than the middle-class who use pavements for car parking and shops/restaurants who unabashedly extend their shopfronts onto footpaths. Secondly, hawking is also an employment issue. It provides the urban poor a means to earn a legitimate livelihood, and in fact, many sell goods produced in small-scale or home-based industries.

Question 48

Why do only a small number of Mumbai’s hawkers have licenses?

A

Hawkers are illiterate hence fail to follow rules

B

Authorities have stopped issuing licenses

C

Licenses have become a source of extortion

D

Hawkers get tied to a location once they have a license

Instructions

Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.
Passage:

There may be some merit in this, but clearly, we need to look at the hawkers issue more broadly. For quite some time now, many middle-class citizens groups have urged strict action against hawkers, asking residents not to favour their business. The terms routinely used to refer to hawkers and vendors is “menace”, with their everyday businesses described as “encroachments” on public space. This, despite the fact that an existing 2014 central law, the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, protects their presence as a part of the right to livelihood. The law specifies the number of licensed hawkers permitted and outlines the process to implement a fair street vending policy. Mumbai and other cities have failed to implement the law to date, with the Mumbai municipality having frozen hawker licenses since 1978. As a result, only a fraction of Mumbai’s hawkers are licensed. Hawkers desire legal status — their illegality makes them vulnerable to extortion and harassment by a whole range of State and non-State actors.
Unfortunately, by looking upon the hawkers question as only a clearing of pavements issue, we have neglected to see their contribution in several other ways. Firstly, hawkers are not the only ones sullying our pavements. But they are far easier to target as villains than the middle-class who use pavements for car parking and shops/restaurants who unabashedly extend their shopfronts onto footpaths. Secondly, hawking is also an employment issue. It provides the urban poor a means to earn a legitimate livelihood, and in fact, many sell goods produced in small-scale or home-based industries.

Question 49

What makes the middle class too guilty of the same crime they blame hawkers?

A

Ill treatment of hawkers

B

Turning a blind eye when hawkers face extortion

C

Encroaching public spaces

D

Not promoting small scale industries

Instructions

Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.
Passage:

There may be some merit in this, but clearly, we need to look at the hawkers issue more broadly. For quite some time now, many middle-class citizens groups have urged strict action against hawkers, asking residents not to favour their business. The terms routinely used to refer to hawkers and vendors is “menace”, with their everyday businesses described as “encroachments” on public space. This, despite the fact that an existing 2014 central law, the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, protects their presence as a part of the right to livelihood. The law specifies the number of licensed hawkers permitted and outlines the process to implement a fair street vending policy. Mumbai and other cities have failed to implement the law to date, with the Mumbai municipality having frozen hawker licenses since 1978. As a result, only a fraction of Mumbai’s hawkers are licensed. Hawkers desire legal status — their illegality makes them vulnerable to extortion and harassment by a whole range of State and non-State actors.
Unfortunately, by looking upon the hawkers question as only a clearing of pavements issue, we have neglected to see their contribution in several other ways. Firstly, hawkers are not the only ones sullying our pavements. But they are far easier to target as villains than the middle-class who use pavements for car parking and shops/restaurants who unabashedly extend their shopfronts onto footpaths. Secondly, hawking is also an employment issue. It provides the urban poor a means to earn a legitimate livelihood, and in fact, many sell goods produced in small-scale or home-based industries.

Question 50

What makes hawkers vulnerable to extortion?

A

Their poverty

B

The fact that they do not have unions

C

Their illiteracy

D

Authorities not issuing them licences

Instructions

Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.
Passage:

There may be some merit in this, but clearly, we need to look at the hawkers issue more broadly. For quite some time now, many middle-class citizens groups have urged strict action against hawkers, asking residents not to favour their business. The terms routinely used to refer to hawkers and vendors is “menace”, with their everyday businesses described as “encroachments” on public space. This, despite the fact that an existing 2014 central law, the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, protects their presence as a part of the right to livelihood. The law specifies the number of licensed hawkers permitted and outlines the process to implement a fair street vending policy. Mumbai and other cities have failed to implement the law to date, with the Mumbai municipality having frozen hawker licenses since 1978. As a result, only a fraction of Mumbai’s hawkers are licensed. Hawkers desire legal status — their illegality makes them vulnerable to extortion and harassment by a whole range of State and non-State actors.
Unfortunately, by looking upon the hawkers question as only a clearing of pavements issue, we have neglected to see their contribution in several other ways. Firstly, hawkers are not the only ones sullying our pavements. But they are far easier to target as villains than the middle-class who use pavements for car parking and shops/restaurants who unabashedly extend their shopfronts onto footpaths. Secondly, hawking is also an employment issue. It provides the urban poor a means to earn a legitimate livelihood, and in fact, many sell goods produced in small-scale or home-based industries.

Question 51

What is the positive externality of hawking?

A

It makes city dwelling more fruitful

B

It is a tourist attraction

C

It slows down traffic and hence accidents

D

It generates employment opportunities

Instructions

Read the passage and answer the questions given below it.
Comprehension:

The children were to be driven, as a special treat, to the sands at Jagborough. Nicholas was not to be of the party; he was in disgrace. Only that morning he had refused to eat his wholesome bread-and-milk on the seemingly frivolous ground that there was a frog in it. Older and wiser and better people(his aunt), had told him that there could not possibly be a frog in his bread-and-milk and that he was not to talk nonsense; he continued, nevertheless, to talk what seemed complete nonsense, and described with much detail the coloration and markings of the alleged frog. The dramatic part of the incident was that there really was a frog in Nicholas's basin of bread-and-milk; he had put it there himself, so he felt entitled to know something about it. The sin of taking a frog from the garden and putting it into a bowl of wholesome bread-and-milk was enlarged on at great length, but the fact that stood out clearest in the whole affair, as it presented itself to the mind of Nicholas, was that the older, wiser, and better people had been proved to be profoundly in error in matters about which they had expressed the utmost assurance. "You said there couldn't possibly be a frog in my bread-and-milk; there was a frog in my breadand- milk," he repeated, with the insistence of a skilled tactician who does not intend to shift from favourable ground.

Question 52

What was the aunt trying to tell Nicholas?

A

That he should play with his cousins

B

That he would be punished if he misbehaved

C

That he should have eaten the bread and milk

D

That he could choose to stay back if he wished

Instructions

Read the passage and answer the questions given below it.
Comprehension:

The children were to be driven, as a special treat, to the sands at Jagborough. Nicholas was not to be of the party; he was in disgrace. Only that morning he had refused to eat his wholesome bread-and-milk on the seemingly frivolous ground that there was a frog in it. Older and wiser and better people(his aunt), had told him that there could not possibly be a frog in his bread-and-milk and that he was not to talk nonsense; he continued, nevertheless, to talk what seemed complete nonsense, and described with much detail the coloration and markings of the alleged frog. The dramatic part of the incident was that there really was a frog in Nicholas's basin of bread-and-milk; he had put it there himself, so he felt entitled to know something about it. The sin of taking a frog from the garden and putting it into a bowl of wholesome bread-and-milk was enlarged on at great length, but the fact that stood out clearest in the whole affair, as it presented itself to the mind of Nicholas, was that the older, wiser, and better people had been proved to be profoundly in error in matters about which they had expressed the utmost assurance. "You said there couldn't possibly be a frog in my bread-and-milk; there was a frog in my breadand- milk," he repeated, with the insistence of a skilled tactician who does not intend to shift from favourable ground.

Question 53

What excuse did Nicholas give for not eating his bread and milk?

A

there was a frog in it

B

he did not like it

C

there was no sugar in it

D

it was too cold to eat

Instructions

Read the passage and answer the questions given below it.
Comprehension:

The children were to be driven, as a special treat, to the sands at Jagborough. Nicholas was not to be of the party; he was in disgrace. Only that morning he had refused to eat his wholesome bread-and-milk on the seemingly frivolous ground that there was a frog in it. Older and wiser and better people(his aunt), had told him that there could not possibly be a frog in his bread-and-milk and that he was not to talk nonsense; he continued, nevertheless, to talk what seemed complete nonsense, and described with much detail the coloration and markings of the alleged frog. The dramatic part of the incident was that there really was a frog in Nicholas's basin of bread-and-milk; he had put it there himself, so he felt entitled to know something about it. The sin of taking a frog from the garden and putting it into a bowl of wholesome bread-and-milk was enlarged on at great length, but the fact that stood out clearest in the whole affair, as it presented itself to the mind of Nicholas, was that the older, wiser, and better people had been proved to be profoundly in error in matters about which they had expressed the utmost assurance. "You said there couldn't possibly be a frog in my bread-and-milk; there was a frog in my breadand- milk," he repeated, with the insistence of a skilled tactician who does not intend to shift from favourable ground.

Question 54

What made Nicholas so sure about what he said?

A

He noticed it jumping in

B

He saw someone putting it in

C

His cousins had told him about it

D

He himself had put it in

Instructions

Read the passage and answer the questions given below it.
Comprehension:

The children were to be driven, as a special treat, to the sands at Jagborough. Nicholas was not to be of the party; he was in disgrace. Only that morning he had refused to eat his wholesome bread-and-milk on the seemingly frivolous ground that there was a frog in it. Older and wiser and better people(his aunt), had told him that there could not possibly be a frog in his bread-and-milk and that he was not to talk nonsense; he continued, nevertheless, to talk what seemed complete nonsense, and described with much detail the coloration and markings of the alleged frog. The dramatic part of the incident was that there really was a frog in Nicholas's basin of bread-and-milk; he had put it there himself, so he felt entitled to know something about it. The sin of taking a frog from the garden and putting it into a bowl of wholesome bread-and-milk was enlarged on at great length, but the fact that stood out clearest in the whole affair, as it presented itself to the mind of Nicholas, was that the older, wiser, and better people had been proved to be profoundly in error in matters about which they had expressed the utmost assurance. "You said there couldn't possibly be a frog in my bread-and-milk; there was a frog in my breadand- milk," he repeated, with the insistence of a skilled tactician who does not intend to shift from favourable ground.

Question 55

Why did Nicholas consider his aunt had been proved to be wrong?

A

She was forcing him to eat the bread and milk.

B

She had said there was no frog in the bowl

C

She never listened to him

D

She always scolded him

Instructions

Read the passage and answer the questions given below it.
Comprehension:

The children were to be driven, as a special treat, to the sands at Jagborough. Nicholas was not to be of the party; he was in disgrace. Only that morning he had refused to eat his wholesome bread-and-milk on the seemingly frivolous ground that there was a frog in it. Older and wiser and better people(his aunt), had told him that there could not possibly be a frog in his bread-and-milk and that he was not to talk nonsense; he continued, nevertheless, to talk what seemed complete nonsense, and described with much detail the coloration and markings of the alleged frog. The dramatic part of the incident was that there really was a frog in Nicholas's basin of bread-and-milk; he had put it there himself, so he felt entitled to know something about it. The sin of taking a frog from the garden and putting it into a bowl of wholesome bread-and-milk was enlarged on at great length, but the fact that stood out clearest in the whole affair, as it presented itself to the mind of Nicholas, was that the older, wiser, and better people had been proved to be profoundly in error in matters about which they had expressed the utmost assurance. "You said there couldn't possibly be a frog in my bread-and-milk; there was a frog in my breadand- milk," he repeated, with the insistence of a skilled tactician who does not intend to shift from favourable ground.

Question 56

The children were being taken on a special treat to

A

The circus

B

The zoo

C

A garden

D

The beach

Instructions

Read the passage and answer the questions given below it
Comprehension:

Our civilization is more secure because it is much more widely spread. Most of the previous civilizations came to an end because uncivilized peoples broke in and destroyed them. This was the fate of Babylon, Assyria, India, China, Greece and Rome. Previous civilizations were specialized and limited like an oasis in a surrounding desert of savagery. Eventually, the desert closed in and the oasis was no more. But to-day, it is the oasis which is spreading over the desert. Practically no part of the world is untouched by it. For the first time, the world has now a chance of becoming a single whole, a unity. To-day, the food we eat comes from all over the world. The things in a grocer’s shop are from the ends of the earth. There are oranges from Brazil, grapes from Africa, rice from India, tea from china, sugar from Columbia etc. To-day the world is beginning to look more like one enormous box. Therefore, there is little danger upon our civilization from outside. The danger comes only from within; it is a danger from among us. To-day, the sharing-out of money - the sharing-out of food, clothing, houses and books, is still very unfair. In England alone, in sharing out of the National Income, we find that one half is divided among every sixteen people and the seventeenth person gets the other half. So while some few people live in luxury, many have not even enough to eat and drink and wear. Again,
in England to-day, thousands of people live in dreadful surroundings. There are many families of five or six persons who live in a single room; in this same room they are born and in this same room they die, because, they are too poor to afford another room. Until everyone gets his proper share of necessary and delightful things, our civilization will not be perfect.

Question 57

‘This’ in the third sentence refers to

A

Spread of civilizations

B

Destruction of civilizations

C

Increase in security

D

Rise of education

Instructions

Read the passage and answer the questions given below it
Comprehension:

Our civilization is more secure because it is much more widely spread. Most of the previous civilizations came to an end because uncivilized peoples broke in and destroyed them. This was the fate of Babylon, Assyria, India, China, Greece and Rome. Previous civilizations were specialized and limited like an oasis in a surrounding desert of savagery. Eventually, the desert closed in and the oasis was no more. But to-day, it is the oasis which is spreading over the desert. Practically no part of the world is untouched by it. For the first time, the world has now a chance of becoming a single whole, a unity. To-day, the food we eat comes from all over the world. The things in a grocer’s shop are from the ends of the earth. There are oranges from Brazil, grapes from Africa, rice from India, tea from china, sugar from Columbia etc. To-day the world is beginning to look more like one enormous box. Therefore, there is little danger upon our civilization from outside. The danger comes only from within; it is a danger from among us. To-day, the sharing-out of money - the sharing-out of food, clothing, houses and books, is still very unfair. In England alone, in sharing out of the National Income, we find that one half is divided among every sixteen people and the seventeenth person gets the other half. So while some few people live in luxury, many have not even enough to eat and drink and wear. Again,
in England to-day, thousands of people live in dreadful surroundings. There are many families of five or six persons who live in a single room; in this same room they are born and in this same room they die, because, they are too poor to afford another room. Until everyone gets his proper share of necessary and delightful things, our civilization will not be perfect.

Question 58

What is one of the greatest disadvantages of the present times?

A

We are at risk of attack from outsiders

B

We have an internal threat from our own kind.

C

We need to bring things from other parts of the world.

D

We cannot grow our own produce

Instructions

Read the passage and answer the questions given below it
Comprehension:

Our civilization is more secure because it is much more widely spread. Most of the previous civilizations came to an end because uncivilized peoples broke in and destroyed them. This was the fate of Babylon, Assyria, India, China, Greece and Rome. Previous civilizations were specialized and limited like an oasis in a surrounding desert of savagery. Eventually, the desert closed in and the oasis was no more. But to-day, it is the oasis which is spreading over the desert. Practically no part of the world is untouched by it. For the first time, the world has now a chance of becoming a single whole, a unity. To-day, the food we eat comes from all over the world. The things in a grocer’s shop are from the ends of the earth. There are oranges from Brazil, grapes from Africa, rice from India, tea from china, sugar from Columbia etc. To-day the world is beginning to look more like one enormous box. Therefore, there is little danger upon our civilization from outside. The danger comes only from within; it is a danger from among us. To-day, the sharing-out of money - the sharing-out of food, clothing, houses and books, is still very unfair. In England alone, in sharing out of the National Income, we find that one half is divided among every sixteen people and the seventeenth person gets the other half. So while some few people live in luxury, many have not even enough to eat and drink and wear. Again,
in England to-day, thousands of people live in dreadful surroundings. There are many families of five or six persons who live in a single room; in this same room they are born and in this same room they die, because, they are too poor to afford another room. Until everyone gets his proper share of necessary and delightful things, our civilization will not be perfect.

Question 59

Which important feature of modern life troubles the writer most?

A

There is inequality in the distribution of things.

B

People do not care for their fellow beings.

C

Civilizations have become dependent.

D

Older civilizations do not exist anymore.

Instructions

Read the passage and answer the questions given below it
Comprehension:

Our civilization is more secure because it is much more widely spread. Most of the previous civilizations came to an end because uncivilized peoples broke in and destroyed them. This was the fate of Babylon, Assyria, India, China, Greece and Rome. Previous civilizations were specialized and limited like an oasis in a surrounding desert of savagery. Eventually, the desert closed in and the oasis was no more. But to-day, it is the oasis which is spreading over the desert. Practically no part of the world is untouched by it. For the first time, the world has now a chance of becoming a single whole, a unity. To-day, the food we eat comes from all over the world. The things in a grocer’s shop are from the ends of the earth. There are oranges from Brazil, grapes from Africa, rice from India, tea from china, sugar from Columbia etc. To-day the world is beginning to look more like one enormous box. Therefore, there is little danger upon our civilization from outside. The danger comes only from within; it is a danger from among us. To-day, the sharing-out of money - the sharing-out of food, clothing, houses and books, is still very unfair. In England alone, in sharing out of the National Income, we find that one half is divided among every sixteen people and the seventeenth person gets the other half. So while some few people live in luxury, many have not even enough to eat and drink and wear. Again,
in England to-day, thousands of people live in dreadful surroundings. There are many families of five or six persons who live in a single room; in this same room they are born and in this same room they die, because, they are too poor to afford another room. Until everyone gets his proper share of necessary and delightful things, our civilization will not be perfect.

Question 60

What according to the writer was the desert that surrounded the oasis?

A

The poorer people

B

Some rich countries

C

Civilization

D

Savagery

Instructions

Read the passage and answer the questions given below it
Comprehension:

Our civilization is more secure because it is much more widely spread. Most of the previous civilizations came to an end because uncivilized peoples broke in and destroyed them. This was the fate of Babylon, Assyria, India, China, Greece and Rome. Previous civilizations were specialized and limited like an oasis in a surrounding desert of savagery. Eventually, the desert closed in and the oasis was no more. But to-day, it is the oasis which is spreading over the desert. Practically no part of the world is untouched by it. For the first time, the world has now a chance of becoming a single whole, a unity. To-day, the food we eat comes from all over the world. The things in a grocer’s shop are from the ends of the earth. There are oranges from Brazil, grapes from Africa, rice from India, tea from china, sugar from Columbia etc. To-day the world is beginning to look more like one enormous box. Therefore, there is little danger upon our civilization from outside. The danger comes only from within; it is a danger from among us. To-day, the sharing-out of money - the sharing-out of food, clothing, houses and books, is still very unfair. In England alone, in sharing out of the National Income, we find that one half is divided among every sixteen people and the seventeenth person gets the other half. So while some few people live in luxury, many have not even enough to eat and drink and wear. Again,
in England to-day, thousands of people live in dreadful surroundings. There are many families of five or six persons who live in a single room; in this same room they are born and in this same room they die, because, they are too poor to afford another room. Until everyone gets his proper share of necessary and delightful things, our civilization will not be perfect.

Question 61

Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the facts given in the passage.

A

Goods are transported from far- off places.

B

Some ancient civilizations have been destroyed.

C

Most people share their money equally.

D

Some people do not have adequate space to live.

Instructions

Read the passage and answer the questions given below it.
Comprehension:

In 18th-century Germany, Baron Munchausen regales his friends, over drinks, with stories of his many adventures. These include his supposed travel to the moon. Long before Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin stepped out of Apollo 11 onto the surface of the moon 50 years ago, on July 20, 1969, the aspiration to travel to this shiny orb in the sky has fired human imagination. A Flight To The Moon by George Fowler, From The Earth To The Moon - and its sequel, Around The Moon - by Jules Verne, The First Men In The Moon by HG Wells, Prelude To Space by Arthur C Clarke… are only a few of the many fictionalised accounts that have, for centuries, reflected this aspiration. In the 1954 Explorers On The Moon, iconic comic book character, Tintin, reaches the moon. While some writers imagined the moon’s surface to be barren and uninhabited, others have written about it being populated with lunar beings. Even when Apollo 11 mission was being planned and worked on, in 1963, Apollo At Go by Jeff Sutton, presented a realistic fictionalised portrayal of the upcoming landing. The successful landing of Apollo 11 and Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin’s walk on the moon, opened up another exciting possibility - could the common man or non-space-scientist reach for the moon? Literally? What had hitherto been in the realm of speculation was now a reality and we weren’t satisfied with just second-hand information any more. Between 1969 and
1972, the US sent six successful manned missions to the moon, and with each victory, the lunar destination seemed a little closer within the reach of the common man.

Question 62

When did the US send first successful manned trip to the moon?

A

1972

B

1963

C

1969

D

1954

Instructions

Read the passage and answer the questions given below it.
Comprehension:

In 18th-century Germany, Baron Munchausen regales his friends, over drinks, with stories of his many adventures. These include his supposed travel to the moon. Long before Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin stepped out of Apollo 11 onto the surface of the moon 50 years ago, on July 20, 1969, the aspiration to travel to this shiny orb in the sky has fired human imagination. A Flight To The Moon by George Fowler, From The Earth To The Moon - and its sequel, Around The Moon - by Jules Verne, The First Men In The Moon by HG Wells, Prelude To Space by Arthur C Clarke… are only a few of the many fictionalised accounts that have, for centuries, reflected this aspiration. In the 1954 Explorers On The Moon, iconic comic book character, Tintin, reaches the moon. While some writers imagined the moon’s surface to be barren and uninhabited, others have written about it being populated with lunar beings. Even when Apollo 11 mission was being planned and worked on, in 1963, Apollo At Go by Jeff Sutton, presented a realistic fictionalised portrayal of the upcoming landing. The successful landing of Apollo 11 and Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin’s walk on the moon, opened up another exciting possibility - could the common man or non-space-scientist reach for the moon? Literally? What had hitherto been in the realm of speculation was now a reality and we weren’t satisfied with just second-hand information any more. Between 1969 and
1972, the US sent six successful manned missions to the moon, and with each victory, the lunar destination seemed a little closer within the reach of the common man.

Question 63

Who was the first person to speak of travel to the moon?

A

Munchausen

B

Armstrong

C

Sutton

D

Branson

Instructions

Read the passage and answer the questions given below it.
Comprehension:

In 18th-century Germany, Baron Munchausen regales his friends, over drinks, with stories of his many adventures. These include his supposed travel to the moon. Long before Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin stepped out of Apollo 11 onto the surface of the moon 50 years ago, on July 20, 1969, the aspiration to travel to this shiny orb in the sky has fired human imagination. A Flight To The Moon by George Fowler, From The Earth To The Moon - and its sequel, Around The Moon - by Jules Verne, The First Men In The Moon by HG Wells, Prelude To Space by Arthur C Clarke… are only a few of the many fictionalised accounts that have, for centuries, reflected this aspiration. In the 1954 Explorers On The Moon, iconic comic book character, Tintin, reaches the moon. While some writers imagined the moon’s surface to be barren and uninhabited, others have written about it being populated with lunar beings. Even when Apollo 11 mission was being planned and worked on, in 1963, Apollo At Go by Jeff Sutton, presented a realistic fictionalised portrayal of the upcoming landing. The successful landing of Apollo 11 and Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin’s walk on the moon, opened up another exciting possibility - could the common man or non-space-scientist reach for the moon? Literally? What had hitherto been in the realm of speculation was now a reality and we weren’t satisfied with just second-hand information any more. Between 1969 and
1972, the US sent six successful manned missions to the moon, and with each victory, the lunar destination seemed a little closer within the reach of the common man.

Question 64

Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?

A

Man’s walk on the moon inspired scientists to plan more expeditions.

B

All the writers wrote about the moon being inhabited by weird creatures.

C

Someday the common man could make a trip to the moon.

D

Man has always been attracted to the moon.

Instructions

Read the passage and answer the questions given below it.
Comprehension:

In 18th-century Germany, Baron Munchausen regales his friends, over drinks, with stories of his many adventures. These include his supposed travel to the moon. Long before Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin stepped out of Apollo 11 onto the surface of the moon 50 years ago, on July 20, 1969, the aspiration to travel to this shiny orb in the sky has fired human imagination. A Flight To The Moon by George Fowler, From The Earth To The Moon - and its sequel, Around The Moon - by Jules Verne, The First Men In The Moon by HG Wells, Prelude To Space by Arthur C Clarke… are only a few of the many fictionalised accounts that have, for centuries, reflected this aspiration. In the 1954 Explorers On The Moon, iconic comic book character, Tintin, reaches the moon. While some writers imagined the moon’s surface to be barren and uninhabited, others have written about it being populated with lunar beings. Even when Apollo 11 mission was being planned and worked on, in 1963, Apollo At Go by Jeff Sutton, presented a realistic fictionalised portrayal of the upcoming landing. The successful landing of Apollo 11 and Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin’s walk on the moon, opened up another exciting possibility - could the common man or non-space-scientist reach for the moon? Literally? What had hitherto been in the realm of speculation was now a reality and we weren’t satisfied with just second-hand information any more. Between 1969 and
1972, the US sent six successful manned missions to the moon, and with each victory, the lunar destination seemed a little closer within the reach of the common man.

Question 65

The writer uses the expression ‘literally’ because___

A

it has been an idiom for desiring something unlikely

B

no one can ever go to the moon

C

it is wrong to build up stories

D

people only dream of doing it

Instructions

Read the passage and answer the questions given below it.
Comprehension:

In 18th-century Germany, Baron Munchausen regales his friends, over drinks, with stories of his many adventures. These include his supposed travel to the moon. Long before Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin stepped out of Apollo 11 onto the surface of the moon 50 years ago, on July 20, 1969, the aspiration to travel to this shiny orb in the sky has fired human imagination. A Flight To The Moon by George Fowler, From The Earth To The Moon - and its sequel, Around The Moon - by Jules Verne, The First Men In The Moon by HG Wells, Prelude To Space by Arthur C Clarke… are only a few of the many fictionalised accounts that have, for centuries, reflected this aspiration. In the 1954 Explorers On The Moon, iconic comic book character, Tintin, reaches the moon. While some writers imagined the moon’s surface to be barren and uninhabited, others have written about it being populated with lunar beings. Even when Apollo 11 mission was being planned and worked on, in 1963, Apollo At Go by Jeff Sutton, presented a realistic fictionalised portrayal of the upcoming landing. The successful landing of Apollo 11 and Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin’s walk on the moon, opened up another exciting possibility - could the common man or non-space-scientist reach for the moon? Literally? What had hitherto been in the realm of speculation was now a reality and we weren’t satisfied with just second-hand information any more. Between 1969 and
1972, the US sent six successful manned missions to the moon, and with each victory, the lunar destination seemed a little closer within the reach of the common man.

Question 66

How many fictional books written about travelling to the moon are referred to here?

A

Seven

B

Six

C

Eight

D

Five

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Passage:
A new paper published by Rochman and her colleagues in February, in the journal Ecology, sifts through past research on marine debris to assess the true extent of the environmental threat. Plenty of studies have sounded alarm bells about the state of marine debris: Rochman and her colleagues set out to determine how many of those perceived risks are real Often. Rochman says, scientists will wrap up a paper by speculating about the broader impacts of what they've found. Maybe their study has shown that certain seabirds eat plastic bags, for example, and the paper goes on to warn that whole bird populations are at risk of dying out. "But the truth was that nobody had yet tested those perceived threats." Rochman says. "There wasn't a lot of information." Rochman and her colleagues examined more than a hundred papers on the impacts of marine debris that were published through 2013. Within each paper. they asked what threats scientists had studied-366 perceived threats in all and what they'd actually found. In 83 percent of cases, the perceived dangers of ocean trash were proven true. In most of the remaining cases. the working group found the studies too shoddy to draw conclusions from—they lacked a control group, for example. or used faulty statistics.
Strikingly. Rochman says, only one well-designed study failed to find the effect it was looking for, an investigation of mussels ingesting microscopic plastic bits. The plastic moved from the mussels' stomachs to their bloodstreams. scientists found. and stayed there for weeks—but didn't seem to stress out the shellfish. A lot of ocean debris is "microplastic," or pieces smaller than five millimetres. These may be the beads from a facial scrub. fibres shed by synthetic clothing in the wash. or eroded remnants of larger debris. Compared to the number of studies investigating large-scale debris. Roclunan's group found little research on the effects of these tiny bits. There are also, she adds, a lot of open questions about the ways that ocean debris can lead to sea-creature death. Many studies have looked at how plastic affects an individual animal or that animal's tissues or cells, rather than whole populations. And in the lab, scientists often use higher concentrations of plastic than what's really in the ocean. None of that tells us how many birds or fish or sea turtles could die form plastic pollution or how deaths in one species could affect that animal's predators, or the rest of the ecosystem. "We need to be asking more ecologically relevant questions." Rothman says. Usually, scientists don't know how disasters like oil spills or nuclear meltdowns will affect the environment until after they've happened. she says. "We don't ask the right questions early enough." But if ecologists can understand how the slow-moving disaster of ocean garbage is affecting ecosystems. they might be able to prevent things from getting worse.

Question 67

Which ONE of the following conclusions based on the examination of the hundred-odd papers on marine debris and its ecological impact by Rachman and her colleagues is NOT CORRECT?

A

Researchers tend to overgeneralize while discussing the implications of their findings.

B

That ocean garbage endangers ecosystems has not been fully understood.

C

More than fifty percent of the past ecological studies failed to perceive the threats posed by marine debris.

D

Issues with the focus, scope and findings of previous research inform future studies.

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Passage:
A new paper published by Rochman and her colleagues in February, in the journal Ecology, sifts through past research on marine debris to assess the true extent of the environmental threat. Plenty of studies have sounded alarm bells about the state of marine debris: Rochman and her colleagues set out to determine how many of those perceived risks are real Often. Rochman says, scientists will wrap up a paper by speculating about the broader impacts of what they've found. Maybe their study has shown that certain seabirds eat plastic bags, for example, and the paper goes on to warn that whole bird populations are at risk of dying out. "But the truth was that nobody had yet tested those perceived threats." Rochman says. "There wasn't a lot of information." Rochman and her colleagues examined more than a hundred papers on the impacts of marine debris that were published through 2013. Within each paper. they asked what threats scientists had studied-366 perceived threats in all and what they'd actually found. In 83 percent of cases, the perceived dangers of ocean trash were proven true. In most of the remaining cases. the working group found the studies too shoddy to draw conclusions from—they lacked a control group, for example. or used faulty statistics.
Strikingly. Rochman says, only one well-designed study failed to find the effect it was looking for, an investigation of mussels ingesting microscopic plastic bits. The plastic moved from the mussels' stomachs to their bloodstreams. scientists found. and stayed there for weeks—but didn't seem to stress out the shellfish. A lot of ocean debris is "microplastic," or pieces smaller than five millimetres. These may be the beads from a facial scrub. fibres shed by synthetic clothing in the wash. or eroded remnants of larger debris. Compared to the number of studies investigating large-scale debris. Roclunan's group found little research on the effects of these tiny bits. There are also, she adds, a lot of open questions about the ways that ocean debris can lead to sea-creature death. Many studies have looked at how plastic affects an individual animal or that animal's tissues or cells, rather than whole populations. And in the lab, scientists often use higher concentrations of plastic than what's really in the ocean. None of that tells us how many birds or fish or sea turtles could die form plastic pollution or how deaths in one species could affect that animal's predators, or the rest of the ecosystem. "We need to be asking more ecologically relevant questions." Rothman says. Usually, scientists don't know how disasters like oil spills or nuclear meltdowns will affect the environment until after they've happened. she says. "We don't ask the right questions early enough." But if ecologists can understand how the slow-moving disaster of ocean garbage is affecting ecosystems. they might be able to prevent things from getting worse.

Question 68

Select the option to complete the statement below.
According to the passage, the significant difference between natural disasters and ecological disasters, especially with reference to marine debris, is that ...........

A

the latter can be predicted and prevented

B

we study the former after they happen and the latter before they happen

C

ocean debris does not cause natural disasters but could become more dangerous

D

ecological disasters are not natural and man-made.

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Passage:
A new paper published by Rochman and her colleagues in February, in the journal Ecology, sifts through past research on marine debris to assess the true extent of the environmental threat. Plenty of studies have sounded alarm bells about the state of marine debris: Rochman and her colleagues set out to determine how many of those perceived risks are real Often. Rochman says, scientists will wrap up a paper by speculating about the broader impacts of what they've found. Maybe their study has shown that certain seabirds eat plastic bags, for example, and the paper goes on to warn that whole bird populations are at risk of dying out. "But the truth was that nobody had yet tested those perceived threats." Rochman says. "There wasn't a lot of information." Rochman and her colleagues examined more than a hundred papers on the impacts of marine debris that were published through 2013. Within each paper. they asked what threats scientists had studied-366 perceived threats in all and what they'd actually found. In 83 percent of cases, the perceived dangers of ocean trash were proven true. In most of the remaining cases. the working group found the studies too shoddy to draw conclusions from—they lacked a control group, for example. or used faulty statistics.
Strikingly. Rochman says, only one well-designed study failed to find the effect it was looking for, an investigation of mussels ingesting microscopic plastic bits. The plastic moved from the mussels' stomachs to their bloodstreams. scientists found. and stayed there for weeks—but didn't seem to stress out the shellfish. A lot of ocean debris is "microplastic," or pieces smaller than five millimetres. These may be the beads from a facial scrub. fibres shed by synthetic clothing in the wash. or eroded remnants of larger debris. Compared to the number of studies investigating large-scale debris. Roclunan's group found little research on the effects of these tiny bits. There are also, she adds, a lot of open questions about the ways that ocean debris can lead to sea-creature death. Many studies have looked at how plastic affects an individual animal or that animal's tissues or cells, rather than whole populations. And in the lab, scientists often use higher concentrations of plastic than what's really in the ocean. None of that tells us how many birds or fish or sea turtles could die form plastic pollution or how deaths in one species could affect that animal's predators, or the rest of the ecosystem. "We need to be asking more ecologically relevant questions." Rothman says. Usually, scientists don't know how disasters like oil spills or nuclear meltdowns will affect the environment until after they've happened. she says. "We don't ask the right questions early enough." But if ecologists can understand how the slow-moving disaster of ocean garbage is affecting ecosystems. they might be able to prevent things from getting worse.

Question 69

Select the option that describes the central theme developed in the passage:

A

Papers published up to 2013 employ proper research methods.

B

Current research on the impact of marine debris is not defective.

C

Future ecological research on marine debris must understand the nature of ecological disaster and prevent it.

D

Research has to only include studies on the effects of microplastic on ecology.

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Passage:
A new paper published by Rochman and her colleagues in February, in the journal Ecology, sifts through past research on marine debris to assess the true extent of the environmental threat. Plenty of studies have sounded alarm bells about the state of marine debris: Rochman and her colleagues set out to determine how many of those perceived risks are real Often. Rochman says, scientists will wrap up a paper by speculating about the broader impacts of what they've found. Maybe their study has shown that certain seabirds eat plastic bags, for example, and the paper goes on to warn that whole bird populations are at risk of dying out. "But the truth was that nobody had yet tested those perceived threats." Rochman says. "There wasn't a lot of information." Rochman and her colleagues examined more than a hundred papers on the impacts of marine debris that were published through 2013. Within each paper. they asked what threats scientists had studied-366 perceived threats in all and what they'd actually found. In 83 percent of cases, the perceived dangers of ocean trash were proven true. In most of the remaining cases. the working group found the studies too shoddy to draw conclusions from—they lacked a control group, for example. or used faulty statistics.
Strikingly. Rochman says, only one well-designed study failed to find the effect it was looking for, an investigation of mussels ingesting microscopic plastic bits. The plastic moved from the mussels' stomachs to their bloodstreams. scientists found. and stayed there for weeks—but didn't seem to stress out the shellfish. A lot of ocean debris is "microplastic," or pieces smaller than five millimetres. These may be the beads from a facial scrub. fibres shed by synthetic clothing in the wash. or eroded remnants of larger debris. Compared to the number of studies investigating large-scale debris. Roclunan's group found little research on the effects of these tiny bits. There are also, she adds, a lot of open questions about the ways that ocean debris can lead to sea-creature death. Many studies have looked at how plastic affects an individual animal or that animal's tissues or cells, rather than whole populations. And in the lab, scientists often use higher concentrations of plastic than what's really in the ocean. None of that tells us how many birds or fish or sea turtles could die form plastic pollution or how deaths in one species could affect that animal's predators, or the rest of the ecosystem. "We need to be asking more ecologically relevant questions." Rothman says. Usually, scientists don't know how disasters like oil spills or nuclear meltdowns will affect the environment until after they've happened. she says. "We don't ask the right questions early enough." But if ecologists can understand how the slow-moving disaster of ocean garbage is affecting ecosystems. they might be able to prevent things from getting worse.

Question 70

Select the option to complete the statement below.
The perceived dangers of ocean trash for marine life are, in a majority of cases ............

A

valid

B

exaggerated

C

false

D

premature

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Passage:
A new paper published by Rochman and her colleagues in February, in the journal Ecology, sifts through past research on marine debris to assess the true extent of the environmental threat. Plenty of studies have sounded alarm bells about the state of marine debris: Rochman and her colleagues set out to determine how many of those perceived risks are real Often. Rochman says, scientists will wrap up a paper by speculating about the broader impacts of what they've found. Maybe their study has shown that certain seabirds eat plastic bags, for example, and the paper goes on to warn that whole bird populations are at risk of dying out. "But the truth was that nobody had yet tested those perceived threats." Rochman says. "There wasn't a lot of information." Rochman and her colleagues examined more than a hundred papers on the impacts of marine debris that were published through 2013. Within each paper. they asked what threats scientists had studied-366 perceived threats in all and what they'd actually found. In 83 percent of cases, the perceived dangers of ocean trash were proven true. In most of the remaining cases. the working group found the studies too shoddy to draw conclusions from—they lacked a control group, for example. or used faulty statistics.
Strikingly. Rochman says, only one well-designed study failed to find the effect it was looking for, an investigation of mussels ingesting microscopic plastic bits. The plastic moved from the mussels' stomachs to their bloodstreams. scientists found. and stayed there for weeks—but didn't seem to stress out the shellfish. A lot of ocean debris is "microplastic," or pieces smaller than five millimetres. These may be the beads from a facial scrub. fibres shed by synthetic clothing in the wash. or eroded remnants of larger debris. Compared to the number of studies investigating large-scale debris. Roclunan's group found little research on the effects of these tiny bits. There are also, she adds, a lot of open questions about the ways that ocean debris can lead to sea-creature death. Many studies have looked at how plastic affects an individual animal or that animal's tissues or cells, rather than whole populations. And in the lab, scientists often use higher concentrations of plastic than what's really in the ocean. None of that tells us how many birds or fish or sea turtles could die form plastic pollution or how deaths in one species could affect that animal's predators, or the rest of the ecosystem. "We need to be asking more ecologically relevant questions." Rothman says. Usually, scientists don't know how disasters like oil spills or nuclear meltdowns will affect the environment until after they've happened. she says. "We don't ask the right questions early enough." But if ecologists can understand how the slow-moving disaster of ocean garbage is affecting ecosystems. they might be able to prevent things from getting worse.

Question 71

What according to the author is the problem with papers reporting seabirds eating plastic?

A

These scientists do not ask ecologically relevant questions.

B

Generalizations about whole populations getting affected lack verifiable data.

C

The scientists use concentrated plastic to generate data.

D

We agree with the perceptions of the scientists but not their methods,

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Passage:

As a toddler growing up in the 1950s. Richard Wawro threw violent tantnuns. Often, he would tap the same piano key for long stretches of time. When he was three, his parents took him for testing at a nearby hospital. They were told that he was moderately to severely retarded. His family, however, never believed that his IQ was as low as the experts claimed. A special education teacher began working with Richard when he was six She introduced him to drawing with crayons, which he took to quickly. He began filling sketchbooks (and the wallpaper of his Scotland home) with startlingly accurate depictions of cartoon characters like Yogi Bear. When Richard was 12. his artwork astounded a visiting artist who said that his drawings were created "with the precision of a mechanic and the vision of a poet." Richard could never read or write well. His speech remained limited. But his involvement with the art world spurred his social development. He participated in dozens of exhibitions and became a well-known artist. His artwork was celebrated by the media and in a documentary. "With Eyes Wide Open." Both Margaret Thatcher and Pope John Paul II owned Wawro's oritaials.
Richard was a savant, an individual with a spike in a particular ability combined with an impairment or disability. In Richard's case, that underlying condition was autism. Autism is a condition characterized by social and conununication challenges, like difficulty making eye contact or making conversation, along with repetitive behaviors or intense interests. It turns out that many savants have autism. But when the astounding abilities are there. they are often rooted in extreme memory, excellent attention to detail and passionate interests — traits also linked to autism. In many ways, prodigies look a lot like savants. They have the same preternatural abilities. They have the same prolific output. But there's a key difference between the two. While in savants, these extreme abilities are paired with an underlying impairment or disability, prodigies don't typically have any such disability. Even though prodigies are not typically autistic, they have the same excellent memories, extreme attention to detail, and passionate interests linked to autism and autistic savants.

Question 72

Which ONE of the options makes the meaning of `savant' as it emerges in the passage clear?

A

an autistic who exhibits exceptional skill or brilliance in some limited field

B

an autistic with preternatural abilities, exhibiting exceptional skill or brilliance in a special field

C

an autistic who exhibits exceptional skill or iN brilliance in all fields

D

a person of learning, especially one with detailed knowledge in some specialized field

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Passage:

As a toddler growing up in the 1950s. Richard Wawro threw violent tantnuns. Often, he would tap the same piano key for long stretches of time. When he was three, his parents took him for testing at a nearby hospital. They were told that he was moderately to severely retarded. His family, however, never believed that his IQ was as low as the experts claimed. A special education teacher began working with Richard when he was six She introduced him to drawing with crayons, which he took to quickly. He began filling sketchbooks (and the wallpaper of his Scotland home) with startlingly accurate depictions of cartoon characters like Yogi Bear. When Richard was 12. his artwork astounded a visiting artist who said that his drawings were created "with the precision of a mechanic and the vision of a poet." Richard could never read or write well. His speech remained limited. But his involvement with the art world spurred his social development. He participated in dozens of exhibitions and became a well-known artist. His artwork was celebrated by the media and in a documentary. "With Eyes Wide Open." Both Margaret Thatcher and Pope John Paul II owned Wawro's oritaials.
Richard was a savant, an individual with a spike in a particular ability combined with an impairment or disability. In Richard's case, that underlying condition was autism. Autism is a condition characterized by social and conununication challenges, like difficulty making eye contact or making conversation, along with repetitive behaviors or intense interests. It turns out that many savants have autism. But when the astounding abilities are there. they are often rooted in extreme memory, excellent attention to detail and passionate interests — traits also linked to autism. In many ways, prodigies look a lot like savants. They have the same preternatural abilities. They have the same prolific output. But there's a key difference between the two. While in savants, these extreme abilities are paired with an underlying impairment or disability, prodigies don't typically have any such disability. Even though prodigies are not typically autistic, they have the same excellent memories, extreme attention to detail, and passionate interests linked to autism and autistic savants.

Question 73

Which ONE of the statements sums up what the passage is about?

A

The case of Richard, a savant, illustrates the discovery that the dividing line between a prodigy and a savant is just the presence of a disability.

B

Kids with autism, if encouraged, could turn out to be a savant as they share a range of extraordinary abilities with prodigies.

C

When the instance of an autistic is examined closely, it is found that some diagnosed as autistic might be a savant with a 'spiked' extra-ordinary ability.

D

Rather than conclude that autistic patients have limited IQ, we must make the effort to discover the special ability each autistic patient has.

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Passage:

As a toddler growing up in the 1950s. Richard Wawro threw violent tantnuns. Often, he would tap the same piano key for long stretches of time. When he was three, his parents took him for testing at a nearby hospital. They were told that he was moderately to severely retarded. His family, however, never believed that his IQ was as low as the experts claimed. A special education teacher began working with Richard when he was six She introduced him to drawing with crayons, which he took to quickly. He began filling sketchbooks (and the wallpaper of his Scotland home) with startlingly accurate depictions of cartoon characters like Yogi Bear. When Richard was 12. his artwork astounded a visiting artist who said that his drawings were created "with the precision of a mechanic and the vision of a poet." Richard could never read or write well. His speech remained limited. But his involvement with the art world spurred his social development. He participated in dozens of exhibitions and became a well-known artist. His artwork was celebrated by the media and in a documentary. "With Eyes Wide Open." Both Margaret Thatcher and Pope John Paul II owned Wawro's oritaials.
Richard was a savant, an individual with a spike in a particular ability combined with an impairment or disability. In Richard's case, that underlying condition was autism. Autism is a condition characterized by social and conununication challenges, like difficulty making eye contact or making conversation, along with repetitive behaviors or intense interests. It turns out that many savants have autism. But when the astounding abilities are there. they are often rooted in extreme memory, excellent attention to detail and passionate interests — traits also linked to autism. In many ways, prodigies look a lot like savants. They have the same preternatural abilities. They have the same prolific output. But there's a key difference between the two. While in savants, these extreme abilities are paired with an underlying impairment or disability, prodigies don't typically have any such disability. Even though prodigies are not typically autistic, they have the same excellent memories, extreme attention to detail, and passionate interests linked to autism and autistic savants.

Question 74

Which ONE of the statements given as options is TRUE?

A

Some savants have some (or other) disabilities while all prodigies suffer none.

B

All savants suffer from certain disabilities while all prodigies suffer from none.

C

Some savants have no disabilities while some prodigies might suffer from a disability.

D

All savants have no disabilities while all prodigies suffer from some (or other) disability.

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Passage:

As a toddler growing up in the 1950s. Richard Wawro threw violent tantnuns. Often, he would tap the same piano key for long stretches of time. When he was three, his parents took him for testing at a nearby hospital. They were told that he was moderately to severely retarded. His family, however, never believed that his IQ was as low as the experts claimed. A special education teacher began working with Richard when he was six She introduced him to drawing with crayons, which he took to quickly. He began filling sketchbooks (and the wallpaper of his Scotland home) with startlingly accurate depictions of cartoon characters like Yogi Bear. When Richard was 12. his artwork astounded a visiting artist who said that his drawings were created "with the precision of a mechanic and the vision of a poet." Richard could never read or write well. His speech remained limited. But his involvement with the art world spurred his social development. He participated in dozens of exhibitions and became a well-known artist. His artwork was celebrated by the media and in a documentary. "With Eyes Wide Open." Both Margaret Thatcher and Pope John Paul II owned Wawro's oritaials.
Richard was a savant, an individual with a spike in a particular ability combined with an impairment or disability. In Richard's case, that underlying condition was autism. Autism is a condition characterized by social and conununication challenges, like difficulty making eye contact or making conversation, along with repetitive behaviors or intense interests. It turns out that many savants have autism. But when the astounding abilities are there. they are often rooted in extreme memory, excellent attention to detail and passionate interests — traits also linked to autism. In many ways, prodigies look a lot like savants. They have the same preternatural abilities. They have the same prolific output. But there's a key difference between the two. While in savants, these extreme abilities are paired with an underlying impairment or disability, prodigies don't typically have any such disability. Even though prodigies are not typically autistic, they have the same excellent memories, extreme attention to detail, and passionate interests linked to autism and autistic savants.

Question 75

Which ONE of the following statements about Richard is FALSE?

A

Richard was an illiterate.

B

Richard was a renowned artist.

C

Richard received special education.

D

Richard was communicatively challenged.

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Passage:

As a toddler growing up in the 1950s. Richard Wawro threw violent tantnuns. Often, he would tap the same piano key for long stretches of time. When he was three, his parents took him for testing at a nearby hospital. They were told that he was moderately to severely retarded. His family, however, never believed that his IQ was as low as the experts claimed. A special education teacher began working with Richard when he was six She introduced him to drawing with crayons, which he took to quickly. He began filling sketchbooks (and the wallpaper of his Scotland home) with startlingly accurate depictions of cartoon characters like Yogi Bear. When Richard was 12. his artwork astounded a visiting artist who said that his drawings were created "with the precision of a mechanic and the vision of a poet." Richard could never read or write well. His speech remained limited. But his involvement with the art world spurred his social development. He participated in dozens of exhibitions and became a well-known artist. His artwork was celebrated by the media and in a documentary. "With Eyes Wide Open." Both Margaret Thatcher and Pope John Paul II owned Wawro's oritaials.
Richard was a savant, an individual with a spike in a particular ability combined with an impairment or disability. In Richard's case, that underlying condition was autism. Autism is a condition characterized by social and conununication challenges, like difficulty making eye contact or making conversation, along with repetitive behaviors or intense interests. It turns out that many savants have autism. But when the astounding abilities are there. they are often rooted in extreme memory, excellent attention to detail and passionate interests — traits also linked to autism. In many ways, prodigies look a lot like savants. They have the same preternatural abilities. They have the same prolific output. But there's a key difference between the two. While in savants, these extreme abilities are paired with an underlying impairment or disability, prodigies don't typically have any such disability. Even though prodigies are not typically autistic, they have the same excellent memories, extreme attention to detail, and passionate interests linked to autism and autistic savants.

Question 76

Why does the author bring in the topic of prodigies in a discussion of autistic savants?

A

Because it would reorient people who treat autisn with contempt

B

Because comparing abilities of both prodigies and autistic savants would help us appreciate the capabilities of the latter.

C

Because he sees the two as related to the same topic.

D

Because their abilities are often rooted in extreme memory, excellent attention to detail and passionate interests

Instructions

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.

Comprehension:

Parents all over Iceland’s capital Reykjavik embark on a two-hour evening walk around their neighbourhood every weekend, checking on youth hangouts as a 10 pm curfew approaches. The walk in Reykjavik is one step toward Iceland’s success into turning around a crisis in
teenage drinking.

Focusing on local participation and promoting more music and sports options for students, the island nation in the North Atlantic has dried up a teenage culture of drinking and smoking. Icelandic teenagers now have one of the lowest rates of substance abuse in Europe.

The Icelandic Centre for Social Research and Analysis, the institute pioneering the project for the past two decades, says it currently advises 100 communities in 23 countries, from Finland to Chile, on cutting teenage substance abuse. “The key to success is to create healthy
communities and by that get healthy individuals, ” said Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, a sociology professor who founded t he Youth of Iceland programme, which now has rebranded as Planet Youth.

The secret, she says, is to keep young people busy and parents engaged without talking much about drugs or alcohol. That stands in sharp contrast to other anti-abuse programmes, which try to sway teenagers with school lectures and scary, disgusting ads showing smokers’
rotten lungs or eggs in a frying pan to represent an intoxicated brain.

“Telling teenagers not to use drugs can backlash and actually get them curious to try them,” Ms Sigfusdottir said. In 1999, when thousands of teenagers would gather in Reykjavik every weekend, surveys showed 56% of Icelandic 16-year-olds drank alcohol and about as many
had tried smoking.

Years later, Iceland has the lowest rates for drinking and smoking among the 35 countries measured in the 2015 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs.

On average, 80% of European 16-year-olds have tasted alcohol at least once, compared with 35% in Iceland, the only country where more than half of those students completely abstains from alcohol.

Denmark, another wealthy Nordic country, has the highest rates of teenage drinking, along with Greece, Hungary and the Czech Republic, where 92% to 96% have consumed alcohol.

In the US, teen drinking is a significant health concern, because many US teenagers are driving cars and do not have access to good public transport like teenagers in Europe.

Reykjavik mayor Dagur B. Eggertsson said the Icelandic plan “is all about society giving better options” for teens than substance abuse. He believes the wide variety of opportunities that now keep students busy and inspired has dramatically altered the country’s youth culture.

Local municipalities like Reykjavik have invested in sport halls, music schools and youth centres.To make the programmes widely available, parents are offered a 500 US dollar annual voucher toward sports or music programmes for their children.

Researchers say the Planet Youth prevention model is evolving constantly because it is based on annual surveys to detect trends and measure policy effectiveness. By law, introduced when Icelandic police routinely dealt with alcohol-fuelled street gatherings, children
under 12 are not allowed to be outside after 8pm without parents and those 13 to 16 not past 10pm.

“We tell the kids if they are out too late, polite and nice, and then they go home,” said Heidar Atlason, a veteran member of the patrol. Over Iceland’s harsh winter, one parent admits, evenings sometimes pass without running into any students.

Question 77

Parents in Reykjavik take an evening walk at night in order to

A

remain fit and healthy by avoiding drinking at night

B

keep a watch on teenagers to ensure they don’t get into the habit of drinking

C

meet other parents to know and discuss how to control teenagers

D

enjoy the evening stroll with other parents after dinner