CAT Para Summary Questions

Option A is the correct answer.

Option A captures the core idea that their collaborations have led to valuable scientific discoveries despite differences in research methods between physicists and other scientists. The passage emphasizes how these contrasting approaches still lead to productive outcomes, demonstrating the benefits of cross-disciplinary work.

Option B: While large data sets and mathematical models are mentioned, this option incorrectly focuses on "large data sets and mathematical models" as the main contributor, which is not the main point of the passage.

Option C: This is partially true, but the passage does not emphasize the "desire to diversify" research or focus on social scientists. It is about the collaboration of different scientific fields, not specifically social science.

Option D: This is inaccurate because the passage does not state that physicists have "buried" their differences; rather, it says that their differences exist, but the collaboration is still valuable. This is an extreme interpretation.

Option A is the correct answer.

The passage emphasizes that cartographers now should pay attention to the usability of maps due to the evolving expectations of map readers. The key point is that technological developments have made users more demanding, leading cartographers to focus on how efficient, effective, and appreciated their maps are.

Option B: While it is true that cartographers are focused on usability, the passage does not mention specific experiments or evaluation methods.

Option C: This option suggests that maps are being used for a variety of reasons, which is not mentioned in the passage. The focus of the passage is on the demanding nature of modern map readers and not on the reasons for which maps are used.

Option D: While new technological developments are mentioned, the passage does not state that cartographers are experimenting with these innovations in their maps. 

Option C is the correct answer. This option best captures the essence of the passage. The tradwife’s embrace of traditional roles and vintage fashion naturally contrasts with and highlights the superficiality of modern life. The passage emphasizes that she is not overtly critiquing society but rather embodying a regressive ideal that challenges contemporary norms. This fits with how the passage describes her actions—her existence itself is a challenge to modern societal expectations.

Option A:The passage does not suggest that the tradwife is actively critiquing modern society. Instead, the tradwife embodies a lifestyle and set of ideals that are in contrast to contemporary values. The critique comes from others' reactions to her behavior, not from her intentions. 

Option B: The passage does not show her as actively trying to expose or mock anything. She simply lives in a way that contrasts with modern expectations. The "mockery" is a reaction from others, not her goal. Therefore, this option overstates her intentions.

Option D: This focuses on the tradwife's dress and adherence to traditional roles as the means of revealing modern life’s artificial nature. While the tradwife does embody these traditional values, the passage is more focused on how her actions highlight societal superficiality rather than "revealing" it. Additionally, the passage suggests that her behaviour is not an overt revelation but rather something that others react to—making this option somewhat distorted.

The passage contrasts the personal, introspective nature of lyric poetry with Marxism's outward focus on societal change. At first glance, the characteristics of lyric poetry - being personal, small-scale, and idiosyncratic - seem incompatible with Marxism's demand for a transformative critique of an unjust society. However, the passage introduces a nuanced perspective within Marxist thought, which recognises lyric poetry as having an implicit critical and utopian function. Through its imaginative and alternative modes of perception, lyric poetry can challenge dominant ideologies and suggest a vision of resistance to oppression. Thus, while lyric poetry does not directly engage with large-scale social concerns, it can still align with Marxist ideals by offering subtle forms of critique and hope for change. Option C most effectively captures this idea.

None of the other choices present a valid interpretation of the passage. For instance, Option A oversimplifies the issue by portraying lyric poetry as merely ‘utopian,” ignoring its critical and resistant potential as described in the passage. It misses the nuanced compatibility suggested between lyric poetry and Marxism. Option B inaccurately suggests that Marxism has “internal contradictions,” which is not the focus of the passage. Similarly, Option D frames Marxism as dismissive of lyric poetry, ignoring the strand of Marxist thought that finds value in poetry's alternative perspectives; this misrepresentation makes it a weaker summary.

Option C is the correct answer. 

This option captures the main idea of the passage that some codes, like language and visual signs, are so commonly used that they appear natural and conceal the process of how they were created.

Option A: The passage does not suggest that early learning is why codes appear natural. The cause-and-effect relationship is incorrectly stated here. 

Option B: This option misinterprets two key aspects of the passage. First, the idea that certain codes are "made to appear universal" is somewhat misleading because the passage doesn't claim that codes are deliberately made universal; instead, it describes how codes, through habituation and widespread use, come to feel "natural". Second, the phrase "Ideology aims to hide the mechanism of coding" is not supported by the passage. The passage suggests that the naturalization of codes leads to the illusion of transparency and naturalness, which conceals the mechanisms of coding, but it doesn't explicitly discuss ideology as a force that intentionally hides these mechanisms

Option D: This option is incorrect because the passage doesn’t claim that all codes have a natural origin. It states that codes become naturalized through use, not that they were naturally originating from the start.

The passage discusses the challenges of regulating innovations in biotechnology. It highlights two key issues: (i) current regulations are outdated and insufficient for new biological advancements, and (ii) the unpredictable nature of living entities and rapid technological changes make it difficult to design a regulatory framework that anticipates all risks and contingencies. The core question is whether regulation can ever keep pace with the unpredictable and unique outcomes of biotechnology. Option C correctly touches upon these ideas.

The other options are either too narrow or miss the essence. Option A focuses on calibration and scientists' roles, which is not the central concern of the passage. Similarly, Option B highlights the urgency for new rules but omits the skepticism about achieving comprehensive regulation. Option D overemphasises the impossibility of imagining all risks without addressing the need for flexibility in regulations.

Hence, Option C is the best choice.

The passage starts by explaining how states use the DIME model in warfare, often targeting information systems first to destabilize enemies. Governments monitor communication networks, raising privacy concerns. With social media's rise, many countries employ "cyber troops" to manipulate public opinion online, spreading disinformation through tactics like paid ads.  Option D best captures all these points. 

Option A: This option incorrectly focuses on open data policies being used to deploy cyber troops, which the passage does not emphasize.

Option B: This option fails to address the key part of the passage, which is monitoring telecom data and networks.

Option C: The passage does not indicate that governments conduct warfare simultaneously with military forces; rather, they act before involving the military. We can infer this from the statement, "Most states do everything they can to inflict pain and confusion on their enemies before deploying the military."

Option B is the correct answer.

The paragraph states that animals share many emotions with humans, such as joy, happiness, empathy, and grief, because of shared brain structures, particularly in the limbic system, which is responsible for emotions in both humans and animals. This is the key point that ties together animals' intelligence and emotional capacity, as discussed in the passage.

Option A: The passage does not attribute emotions to sensory and motor abilities. The emphasis is on brain structures, not sensory abilities.

Option C: While the passage states that animals share emotions with humans, this option fails to capture the reason behind this, i.e. shared brain structures. It misses the point that makes the emotional similarity possible, which is central to the passage's message.

Option D: The passage discusses animals' sensory abilities but does not suggest that their intelligence is superior to humans'. 

Option D best captures the essence of the passage.

John Cleese argues that comedians need freedom to be creative and that fear of offending people or worrying about the consequences of what they say hinders their ability to be original. He highlights how modern comedians often second-guess themselves, which stifles their creativity. Option D reflects this idea, which stresses the importance of freedom and creativity in comedy, while warning against the fear that stifles innovation.

Option A: While Cleese advocates for freedom in comedy, he doesn't say that comedians "must go where no one has gone before," which is more of an extreme interpretation than the essence of the passage.

Option B: This option focuses too much on the relationship between creativity and critical thinking. The passage is more about how fear of offending hinders creativity, not about creativity being incompatible with critical thinking.

Option C: This focuses on the "death of the art form," but Cleese's main point is about how fear of repercussions impacts creativity, not about the art form dying as such.

The passage discusses the historical use of misinformation for political purposes, dating back to ancient Rome with Octavian's smear campaign against Antony. It then highlights how the 21st century has seen an unprecedented scale of information weaponization, facilitated by powerful technology and amplified through social networks. Option C effectively conveys the continuity of using misinformation for power throughout history, now fueled by modern technology. Therefore, Option C is the correct answer.

Option A: While the passage acknowledges the historical aspect of disinformation, it emphasizes the unprecedented scale in the 21st century, which is not captured in this option.

Option B focuses on the need for critical reading without explicitly highlighting the historical context and the weaponization of information for power.

Option D does not emphasize the broader historical and contemporary context of misinformation for political purposes.

The passage discusses the phenomenon of counterfactual thinking, highlighting that people spontaneously create counterfactual alternatives to reality for various reasons. These reasons include explaining the past, preparing for the future, implicating various relations (including causal ones), affecting emotions, and supporting moral judgments. Additionally, the passage mentions that the ability to create counterfactuals develops throughout childhood and contributes to reasoning about other people's beliefs. Option C effectively encompasses these key points, making it the most accurate summary of the passage.

Option A focuses primarily on the preparation for the future aspect, neglecting the broader reasons for creating counterfactual alternatives.

Option B does not emphasize the developmental aspect and various reasons for creating

Option D inaccurately suggests that counterfactual thinking helps reverse past and future actions, which is not the main point of the passage, and it oversimplifies the role of counterfactuals.

The passage contrasts the 1950s, where perfectionism meant conforming to societal norms, with contemporary times, where individuals feel pressured to stand out and gain attention through unique style and wit. This evolution from conformism to non-conformism is a key point in the passage, making Option B the most accurate summary. It effectively captures the changing nature of perfectionism in response to multifarious and contradictory societal expectations over the decades.

Option A focuses on the media's role and people adhering to ideals, which is not the primary emphasis of the passage that highlights the evolution of societal expectations over time.

Option C suggests tension and conflict related to the changing idea of perfection, but the passage emphasises the historical shift in expectations rather than conflict.

Option D overgeneralizes by stating that people are willing to go to any lengths to attract attention, which is not explicitly supported by the passage that highlights the changing nature of perfectionism.

Option C is the correct answer because it accurately captures the main idea of the passage. It highlights how technological advancements in navigation during the sixteenth century transformed colonialism by enabling Europeans to establish settlements and exert political dominance over distant regions, including the Americas, Australia, and parts of Africa and Asia.

Option A focuses on the displacement of indigenous populations, which is not the central point of the passage.

While Option B mentions the expansion of territories and political power, it does not emphasize the technological advancements in navigation.

Option D introduces the concept of British settlements, which is narrower than the broader context of European colonialism discussed in the passage.

The passage discusses the increasing frequency and intensity of heatwaves due to climate change, with vulnerable groups experiencing uneven impacts. It emphasizes that adaptation to heatwaves is a significant public policy concern. The research findings suggest that even vulnerable individuals may not perceive themselves as at risk of extreme heat, highlighting the importance of understanding how extreme heat is narrated. The passage specifically mentions the central role of the news media in warning people about the potential danger of heatwaves and their impacts on infrastructure and society. Option C effectively conveys the primary focus on heatwaves posing a substantial risk and the critical role of the media in alerting the public to this danger.

Option A implies a general importance of protection without specifically highlighting the role of the media in alerting people to the risks of heatwaves.

Option B acknowledges the vulnerability to heatwaves but it does not emphasize the role of the media in alerting people and suggests a broader critique of measures taken.

Option D mentions the need for news stories to become more effective but does not emphasize the central role of the media in alerting people to the risk of heatwaves, as the passage does.

The passage describes how life on the island is gradually improving, particularly for birds like Antarctic prions and white-headed petrels. It highlights that these birds are increasing in numbers as pests are controlled on the island. The absence of pests allows the birds to return, breed, and contribute to the ecosystem positively. The passage also mentions how bird droppings add nutrients to the soil, supporting plant growth. Overall, Option B effectively conveys the central theme of the passage - the revival and improvement of life on the island due to the absence of pests and the positive impact on birds and plants.

Option A incorrectly suggests an increase in the number of predatory birds, which contradicts the positive developments mentioned in the passage.
Option C is incorrect as the passage doesn't explicitly state that this protection is the primary cause of the positive changes.

Option D is more general and doesn't specifically address the absence of pests as a crucial factor in the positive transformation mentioned in the passage.

The main points of the paragraph are:

i) The copying of fashion ideas unique to particular cultures or heritages is rising in this age of social media.

ii) The original communities are not credited and compensated when their unique ideas are used.

Option A: This is a distorted option. It is generalizing that copying a fashion idea is tantamount to stealing(not specifying whether it is done with or without the consent of the original communities.).Thus, this is not the correct option.

Option B: Again, this is a very general and extreme option. Also, it is a distorted inference that the media has encouraged mass production. Thus, this is also not the correct option.

Option C: Since this includes both the main points, this is the correct option.

Option D: This is a distorted option and does not include the main ideas of the paragraph.

Thus, the correct option is C.

The given passage discusses the role of petitioning in democratic governance; it highlights how petitioning can shape political agendas, recruit citizens to causes, give voice to the voteless, and apply the discipline of rhetorical argument to clarify points of view. The passage also compares petitioning to elections, stating that petitioning supplements the electoral process and enables ongoing engagement with the government. The author does not make a judgment about the relative superiority of petitioning or elections, but rather focuses on the specific ways in which petitioning can contribute to democratic functioning. Option C accurately summarizes the points discussed above. 

Option A is incorrect because the passage does not state that petitioning is "an ideal form of representative democracy." It only mentions that petitioning can give voice to the voteless and apply the discipline of rhetorical argument, but it does not make a broader claim about the superiority of petitioning over other forms of democracy.

Option B is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that citizens are becoming less inclined to petitioning. In fact, the passage does not address the prevalence of petitioning in contemporary times at all.

Option D is incorrect because the passage does not state that petitioning is more representative of the collective voice than elections. It only mentions that petitioning can give voice to the voteless, but it does not make a comparison to elections in this regard. The passage also does not suggest that the functioning of democratic government would necessarily improve if we relied more on petitioning instead of holding periodic elections; it simply states that petitioning has been important to democratic functioning in the past, and that it supplements the electoral process by enabling ongoing engagement with the government.

The passage touches upon the historical relationship between Ethiopia and Europe during the medieval period. The traditional narrative of this relationship has portrayed Ethiopia as weak and in need of military assistance from Europe, but recent research has revealed that this narrative is not accurate and that Ethiopia was actually a well-connected and outward-looking culture that engaged in missions of diplomacy, faith, and commerce with Europe. The passage also notes that these new findings challenge historians to re-imagine the connections between Ethiopia and Europe during this period and to consider the role of Ethiopia as a more active participant in these relationships. Option C accurately reflects the main points made in the passage [that the traditional narrative of Ethiopia's relationship with Europe is inaccurate]

Option A is incorrect because it suggests that the connections between Ethiopia and Europe were primarily military and commercial in nature, which is not stated in the passage. Similarly, Option B implies that historians had a mistaken view of Ethiopia's relationship with Europe, which is not stated in the passage. The idea in Option D - which suggests that medieval texts were biased in favour of Europe and against Africa - cannot be understood from the discussion.

Hence, Option C is the correct choice. 

The main ideas of the paragraph are:

i) The alphabetical order did not directly follow the discovery of alphabets.

ii) Scholars were reluctant to categorize the alphabet in the middle ages because of the fear of rejection of the divine order.

iii) Only after the rediscovery of Greek and Roman classics and the Government bureaucracy in later centuries did the categorization happen.

Option A misses capturing the point of why scholars were reluctant to categorize things according to the alphabet.
Option C is factually incorrect in mentioning the ban on the use. Option D can be eliminated on the same grounds as option A.

Option B captures the essence of the main points most aptly and hence, is the best answer.

Thus, the correct option is B.

The passage is about the 'inherent vice' or the natural tendency of certain artworks to deteriorate over time due to various factors such as discolouration of pigments, cracking of varnishes, and warping of canvases. The passage also mentions an example of Damien Hirst's artwork, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living, which began to decompose quickly due to the use of the wrong preserving liquid. In this regard, Option D offers an apt summary of the passage because it accurately captures the main idea of the passage, which is that artworks may not last forever and may deteriorate with time. Option A is incorrect because the passage does not mention any moral responsibility of museums to restore and preserve artworks. Similarly, Option B can be eliminated since the passage does not specifically mention museums guarding art treasures from intrinsic defects. Option C is also inaccurate because the discussion does not present the evolution of the role of museums in preserving artworks forever.

Hence, Option D is the correct choice. 

The passage discusses the ways in which big data and targeted online content can potentially influence and manipulate behaviour, leading to concerns over freedom and privacy in the digital age. This is reflected in the statements that "behavioural control" in the age of big data echoes Cold War-era anxieties about "brainwashing" and "repression," and that the use of targeted online content can enable "influence to take place on a pre-reflexive level." The passage also mentions the fear that the digital age has not liberated us, but rather exposed us by making personal and behavioural data available to machine-learning algorithms. Option B accurately reflects this central theme of the passage by stating that the debate on the nature of freedom and privacy has resurfaced due to the availability of personal information through big data. Option A is incorrect because it goes beyond the scope of the passage by stating that digital technology is "enslaving" us, which is not explicitly stated in the text. Similarly, Option C is inaccurate since the author only mentions the Cold War as a reference point for similar debates on behavioural control, but does not focus on the Cold War itself. Option D is wrong because the passage does not mention artificial intelligence specifically, but rather machine-learning algorithms.

Hence, Option B is the correct choice. 

The passage is about the limitations of our understanding of the universe and how it is connected. It suggests that our understanding of the distinction between animate and inanimate objects may be flawed because of our limited perspective, and that quantum mechanics reveals a different understanding of this distinction; it also suggests that there may be a pattern to the universe that we cannot fully grasp with our brains. Option D correctly captures these points.

Options A and B are incorrect because the passage does not state that the effect of stimuli is similar in inanimate objects compared to living beings or mention astigmatism or an erroneous view of reality. Option C is not understood since the passage does not suggest that inanimate objects are sentient or cognizant; it only highlights that the distinction between animate and inanimate objects disappears at the quantum scale.

Hence, Option D is the correct choice. 

The passage is about the political and civic organization of ancient cities. It states that some ancient cities were organized along egalitarian lines, without any indication of temples or palaces (which suggests a lack of a ruling class or administrators), and that in other cities, temples and palaces never emerged at all. Option D correctly summarizes this information by stating that there was evidence of an egalitarian urban life in some ancient cities, where the political and civic organization was less hierarchical. Option A is incorrect because it only mentions the absence of temples and palaces, but does not mention the fact that some ancient cities were organized along egalitarian lines. On a similar note, Option B presents an exaggeration by suggesting that 'all' ancient cities were organized along egalitarian lines, which is not stated in the passage. Option C is also inaccurate since it asserts that ancient cities were transformed from egalitarian to hierarchical, but the passage only states that some ancient cities were egalitarian and does not mention any transformation. 

Hence, Option D is the correct choice. 

The main ideas of the passage are:

i) The job of a joke is to offend its target(victim) irrespective of its status.

ii) The cancel culture deems it inappropriate to joke about people deemed lower in society.

Option A: This option includes both the main points and hence is the correct answer.

Option B: This is a distorted option. The ideas in the paragraph are not intended to persuade to include people from the lower class in the joke. Thus, this is not the correct answer.

Option C: Again, this is a distorted option and can be eliminated based on the explanation given in option B.

Option D: This is also a distorted option, as nowhere in the passage the duties of a comedian are mentioned. Thus, this is not the correct option.

 Thus, the correct option is A.

The main points of the paragraph are:

1. A multisensory illusion, dubbing a different visual cue to audio, makes the subject perceive a different sound. (Important point)

2. This illusion is called McGurk effect. (Important point. Related to 1)

3. An impactful subject of research as it demonstrates multisensory integration. (Secondary point. 1 and 2 can stand without this point)

Option A: Covers 1 and 2. Hence, a plausible option.

Option B: It distorts what the author is trying to say. It draws a conclusion out of the results of the study instead of paraphrasing the passage.

Option C: Option C covers only 3. It does not mention 1 and hence is not a good summary.

Option D: Mentions only 1. Not an apt summary.

Hence, the answer is Option A.

The main points of the paragraph are:
1. As compared to physicists, biologists are more conservative when it comes to the subject of preprints.
2. Preprints allow faster dissemination of knowledge.

A: Misses out the comparison between biologists and physicists.

B: Captures both the points appropriately and is the answer.

C: Also misses out the comparison between biologists and physicists.

D: Factually incorrect, physicists and not biologists are open to the idea of preprints.

The main points of the paragraph are:

1. The peacekeeping forces often exist in a bubble. Though there are valid reasons behind this, this also results in the locals feeling antipathy towards them.

2. The solution to this problem is to build rapport with the locals too instead of focusing only on the government officials.

Option A: Not implied in the paragraph. The paragraph suggests building relationships with the locals. Appointing only locals as peacekeepers has not been implied.

Option B: This option distorts what is being presented in the paragraph. The paragraph suggests that the bubble is justified sometimes and also suggest measures to counter that. The option implicates the country's environment as being responsible for that bubble, hence the blame is shifted completely. Also, the option fails to mention the antipathy and the measures suggested to counter the bubble.

Option C: This option is distorted. Where the paragraph says that the aloof attitude is justified sometimes, the option blames the peacekeeping forces and their 'extravagant lifestyles' for the antipathy they face. Hence, can be eliminated.

Option D: Option D correctly captures the main points and is the answer.

The main points of the passage are:

1. People increasingly view idleness as sin and industriousness as a virtue, pushing them into meaningless jobs.

2. On the other hand, this has also saved us from many of life's drudgeries.

A: Misses out on point 1.

B: A distortion. The author does not advocate idleness. Also, 1 is not covered properly.

C: Incorrect. 'led to greater idleness' is not implied anywhere in the passage.

D: Covers both the points aptly and is the answer.

The main points of the paragraph are:

1. The value of creativity to economic progress has been realised, with serious investment being done to study/promote it.

2. But this success fires back. Policing its meaning can lead to obsession, hampering creativity itself.

A: It is extreme in approach. The paragraph does not imply that it has become impossible to define the concept, but it becomes difficult to practice creativity when it is being forced on oneself.

B: It is also extreme. The obsession hampers, not completely destroys the creative process.

C: This option is a distortion and fails to capture the above points.

D: Comes the closest to capturing the above two points, and hence, is the answer.

The main points of the paragraph are as follows:

1. Intuition draws from a vast array of memories that our brain keeps in store.

2. When our brain recognises a pattern from past memories, neuron firing starts, which gives us the gut feeling of intuition. 

A: Distortion: The passage does not give any detail about big data being based on rational thought.

B: Out of scope. The paragraph does not allude to whether the decisions based on intuition are better or worse.

C: Incorrect: The passage says that intuitive decisions are based on data.

D: Correctly covers the mentioned points and hence, is the answer.

The main points of the paragraph are:

1. Developing economies are becoming hotbeds of economic innovation.

2. Earlier they used to be associated with cheap labour, but now ambition and fear have made them competitive globally.

Option A: It correctly captures the two main points and hence is the answer. 

Option B: This option is distorted. Business innovations have not been mentioned as the reason why emerging economies have become competitive globally. It has only been mentioned as a factor in close association.

Option C: Again, the paragraph does not mention that the developing economies are being forced to do this in order to stay competitive. This option suggests an element of necessity for the survival of the economies, which is not implied.

Option D: This option is distorted. The passage only mentions innovations in developing economies and not worldwide.

The main points of the paragraph are:

1. The Brazilian economy has been stagnant, but the popular perception is that the times have improved.

2. The reasons are falling inequality and other important services.

3. Despite this, the economy is brutally unequal.

A: Ignorance on the part of Brazilians is not implied. What the author is saying that though things have improved for the ones who say so, others are still being dealt a rough hand.

B: The paragraph does not imply that the good economic indicators are being used as subterfuge to cover up the prevailing inequality.

C: Comes the closest in capturing the three points. Hence, is the answer.

D: It has a problem similar to Option A. Things have improved for that section of people. They are not ignorant, nor are they being misled into believing something.

The main points of the paragraph are:

1. In an economic disaster, the atypical alliance of established industrialist and unemployed workers proves powerful.

2. Anxieties and anticipation lead them to look after their interests.

3. It is the industrialist that benefits the most as he is able to use the latter to achieve his vested political interests.

A: Comes the closest in capturing all three points, and hence, is the answer.

B: Distortion. This purpose has not been mentioned in the passage.

C: Distortion. It has not been mentioned that an economic downturn creates competition. It has been mentioned that during such a disaster, the industrialist is more likely to focus on the downsides emerging from free-market (competition) than the upsides.

D: Distortion. It has been implied that the industrialist manipulates the situation to fulfill his own political agenda, and not that the two parties come together to achieve a single goal.

Let's look at the options one by one.

The author has not made any comparisons between the two methodologies, about which method is better. Hence optionA is incorrect.

Option 3 is incorrect too because it doesnot summarise the para accurately. Nothing is mentioned about decisions based on information.

Although time is a factor, nowhere it is mentioned that time is the factor in determining the method of our decision making. Hence Option4 is incorrect too.

Option 2 correctly summarises the passage by differentiating between the two methods. Hence it is correct.

The paragraph highlights the following:

1. The validity of the ubiquitous perspective held by psychologists {of intelligence being a measurable, unalterable entity that is greatly influenced by heredity} is now being questioned by biologists.

2. The dubiety concerning the aspect of intelligence being hereditary {given the fact that "humans, who, unlike plants or animals, are not conceived and bred under controlled conditions."}

Thus, a statement capturing these elements is bound to be the answer. Option A aptly encompasses these two key points.

Option B: Calling the widely -held perspective as conventional wisdom would be inappropriate. Additionally, the statement here fails to capture point (2).

Option C: Although close, it misses out on the second half of the discussion.

Option D: This option might appear confusing, given that it touches upon both the key elements. However, it is unspecific and comes across as a bit odd {"ways in which what is inherited" doesn't make sense}. Between Options A and D, A is definitely the better choice.

Option B is incorrect, as it mentions "is no longer relevant" whereas the author says may no longer be relevant.

Option C is incorrect too, as the passage talks about distinguishing between urban/rural, not about accurately identifying rural areas.

Option D is distorted. Judgement would be required on the richer criteria , not on the objective methodology, as mentioned in this option.

Option A is correct as it correctly captures the essence of the passage.

The passage begins by highlighting Europe's continual attempt to adapt itself in a multipolar world by striving to be a dynamic entity- nationally and internationally{"changed its internal structure and invented new ways of thinking about the nature of international order"}.  Post this, the author portrays how certain stimuli in the modern world has lead Europe to review its political components {"set aside the political mechanisms through which it had conducted its affairs for three and a half centuries"} and to make changes in its economic structure {"established a common currency "}. Thus, the passage presents two key elements: (1) the fact that Europe has consistently tried to adapt to a changing world and (2) the manner in which Europe has attempted to achieve that in the existing multi-polar setup. Option D correctly highlights these points.

Option A: This misses out on the point (2). Furthermore, directly ascribing the unification of Europe to its attempt to rapidly change would be incorrect. 

Option B: This does not fully capture the essence of the passage and misses out on point 1.

Option C: Although the statement in this option captures point 1, it misses out on point 2.

Hence, Option D is the correct answer.

The passage is primarily about the misconception regarding the capacity of forensic phonetics stemming from its portrayal in movies and television. This aspect is correctly captured by the point stated in C. The author does not question the "scientific basis" of the evidence (based on voice recognition) that is presented in legal cases. Hence, Option A can be eliminated. The claim made in Option B cannot be understood from the passage. Same can be said about Option D. Hence, Option C is the correct answer.

Let's look at the options one by one. Option 1 talks about voluntary surrender of rights. But the passage talks about "transfer" of rights, not "surrender" of rights.

The main point is not about "powers of papacy", option 2 is inconsequential.

Option 3 does not cover one of the main points of the passage, the transfer of rights, between people and the sovereign power. It's an incomplete option.

Option 4 is the correct summary, it talks about the transactional relationship i.e give and take or transfer of rights between people and sovereign government. 

One predominant viewpoint: language originated to exchange factual information

An alternative viewpoint: language originated to facilitate social bonding and consequently, to ensure human survival.

The summary needs to highlight these two core viewpoints. Option C does this without deviating from the discussion.

Option A: The evolution of language is not the focal point here; the views held in this regard are. {"language has been continuously evolving to higher forms"} Thus, we can eliminate this option since it comes across as a misrepresentation.

Option B: This is a trap wherein the statement captures both the core viewpoints but there is a distortion involved: "...From the belief ..."  to "...scholars now..." indicates a shift in the viewpoint. However, this is not the case - the author simply states two prevalent perspectives on the subject. 

Option D: is again a distortion since experts are not "challenging any views; the author simply highlights the presence of two viewpoints {no conflict presented}

Hence, Option C is the correct answer.

The paragraph discusses two essential elements: it begins by presenting the facet of autonomy enjoyed by the representative in Aesthetic political representation and then highlights the cultivation of "disinterestedness" in this regard. Additionally, the author distinctly identifies the aforementioned concept as being not the same as that of "indifference". Post this, towards the end. The author presents the reason behind this assertion. Option B correctly captures these two aspects without distorting the overall meaning.

Option A: The author does not claim that the autonomy "manifested" through disinterestedness. 

Option C: The statement here contains added elements which cannot be inferred from the passage. 

Option D: This alternative fails to capture the essence of the discussion and describes a single component. {'political representation' might again be incorrect}

Hence, of the given summaries, Option B aptly captures the substance of the passage.

There are two key points discussed in the passage:

1. The prospect of "metabolic theory" being foundational to the field of ecology; the same as is the case in (2)

2. Genetic theory being the conceptual basis of evolutionary biology {given the diverse and extensive theoretical approaches and models available}. 

Thus, the summary needs to capture both these points. Option B fulfils this requirement.

Option A: is a distorted claim since it is not implied in the passage; the author does not assert that "metabolic theory need not evolve in a similar manner".  

Option C: is again a misinterpretation because the author does not claim that metabolic theory "must" contribute in a similar fashion. Instead, the focus is on the "potential" of this theory.

Option D: is divergent since the author does not discuss the "success" of a theory.

Hence, Option B is the correct answer.

In this context, "Psychoanalytical analytical technique" implies that the advertising agencies are adapting methods to tap into the unconscious mind of the consumers. They are conducting detailed interviews to identify hidden motivations.

Here, subliminal advertising represents some portion of the ad being difficult to comprehend or simply put, when one of the motives of the ad is so subtle that it is difficult to be understood by a layman.

While supraliminal advertising can be clearly conceived by most people.

Packard claims that the 'Hidden persuaders' use supraliminal advertising to entice customers by tapping into consumers without their knowledge.  (....can be persuaded by supraliminal messages without their knowledge.)

Option B and D say that the method is subliminal, hence, it is incorrect
Option C says that people are well aware about being persuaded, hence incorrect.
Option A is a wholesome summary of the method of persuation.

The paragraph says that humans think about past occurrences suddenly without any immediate stimuli.
The author also says that thinking/thoughts about a certain distant past is a necessity before one can speak about it. 
He says that thoughts are a pre-requisite before one talks about it. He also gives an example that various human-like symbols might have emerged without any immediate stimuli.

Option A and C: There is no mention of specificity to humans in the passage
Option B : "All speech acts" is a false generalisation. The passage says that speaking about distant past requires thinking about it first
Option D : It clearly captures the essence of the passage and says that one needs to think about distant past events before talking about them
Hence option D is correct.

The passage says that pure science intends to discover without any end-goal in mind. While engineers use these benefits for practical applications. The author says that the science behind these practical applications are often considered false by pure science since they are approximated or not applied as per ideal conditions. In any case, even though they are rejected, these approximated science theories find lot of practical applications in everyday life.

Option A is correct. By diluting science, these theories are put into practical benefits. Hence, option A is correct

Option B is incorrect as no such implication can be drawn from the passage

Option C is incorrect. Linear relationship indicates that, if a certain theory is rejected by pure science, it is bound to be rejected by applied science too. This is clearly not the case as engineers use rejected theories for practical benefits.

Option D speaks only about engineers and has no reference to sciences or the main point of the paragraph. The paragraph intends to compare the functionalities of scientists and engineers while option D is specific to engineers and does not encapsulate the essence of the paragraph.

Hence, by way of elimination Option A is the most suitable summary

The main points of the passage can be summarized as follows:

• Language is a complex bundle of traits that has evolved over a significant time frame.
• Language is not a monolithic entity but rather the end result of a long and complex process of linguistic evolution.
• Language draws on cognitive features that are established in the primate lineage, such as memory.
• While language is a distinctive feature found only in humans, there is no definitive evidence of its existence in any other species.
• The language faculty encompasses more than just the uniquely linguistic features and incorporates various aspects of cognition.

In summary, the passage emphasizes the multifaceted nature of language, its evolutionary development, and its reliance on cognitive abilities such as memory. It also underscores that while language is unique to humans, it is not a standalone trait and incorporates elements beyond language-specific features.

The passage mentions that language is a complex bundle of traits that must have evolved over a significant time frame. It also states that language draws on aspects of cognition that are long established in the primate lineage, such as memory. This suggests that language did not emerge in isolation but rather built upon preexisting cognitive capacities.

Memory plays a crucial role in language, as language involves storing, retrieving, and processing linguistic information. Through the use of memory, individuals can learn and recall words, phrases, grammar rules, and other linguistic elements. Memory also allows for the retention and transmission of cultural knowledge and language acquisition in individuals and across generations.

Therefore, Option A accurately captures the notion that language evolved by incorporating linguistic features onto existing cognitive abilities, notably memory.

Option B is partially correct as it acknowledges the evolution of language and its connection to memory. However, it does not capture the idea that language is a complex bundle of traits or the absence of definitive evidence for language in other species.

While Option C captures the idea that language is not a single, uniform entity, it fails to encompass the complete message of the passage. The passage emphasizes that language is more than just the end result of linguistic evolution. It highlights that language also relies on cognitive features that are established in the primate lineage, such as memory. Additionally, the passage mentions that there is no definitive evidence of language in other species. These aspects are not adequately represented in option C.

Option D is partially correct in stating that language is distinctively human. However, it fails to capture the complexity of language and the fact that it is a bundle of traits. It also overlooks the possibility that evidence for language in other species may be inconclusive rather than entirely nonexistent.

In comparison to these options, Option A  stands out as the best summary because it specifically addresses the evolution of language and highlights the role of cognition, particularly memory, in its development.

After reading the entire paragraph, it can be inferred that the main idea of the passage is that while the inventors of the open-plan offices had the liberation of office dwellers from boxes in mind, the companies used it to pack as much people as possible inside.

Option A is incorrect as the passage makes no mentions about workers satisfaction.

Option B is incorrect as it misrepresents the timeline given in the passage. Cubicles existed earlier and only later were wall free office spaces invented.

Option D is incorrect as it could not be inferred from the passage that the companies that did not believe in democratic ideology 

Option C correctly encapsulates the main idea of the passage and hence it is the correct answer.

After reading all the lines of the paragraph, it is evident that social movement organisations depend on organisations with hybrid identities because , within them they contain individuals with multiple points of views on different movements and issues. The example gives shows how people who are campaigning for non-anti-war movements are more likely to join hybrid organisations. It also says that organisations with hybrid identities occupy more central positions within organisations that are involved in anti-war movements.

Option A is incorrect. The passage talks more about why hybrid organisations are vital to providing participants in social movements. 

Option C is just an illustration of the idea that the paragraph is trying to make. Hence, it would not be the most appropriate summary of the paragraph.

Option D is incorrect. From the paragraph we can infer that hybrid organisations attract individuals that are deeply involved in non-anti-war movements.

Option B is an appropriate summary of the passage and hence it is the correct answer.

Let us note down the important points.

Professions-approach structures and institutionalizes knowledge but knowledge production is restricted to the select members of the community. It prevents the non-professional actors from offering their ideas. 

Options A, B, and C do not capture the negative aspects of the professions-approach at all. They just focus on the advantages offered by the approach but the given paragraph places a huge emphasis on the limitations of the approach as well. Only option D captures both the advantage offered by the approach and its limitations. Therefore, option D is the right answer. 

The main points of the passage are that the relation between sports participation and deviation have not been established and that there is not sufficient evidence to prove the relationship.
Option A is distorted because it states that the relationship is already established.
Option B mentions all the relevant points.
Option C does not talk about the relationship and hence, ruled out.
Option D distorts what is given in the paragraph by saying that latter researchers have "proved" there is no consistent relationship. Thus, it is can be eliminated.
Hence, option B is the correct answer.

Let us note down the important points:

The Japanese government recommends regulating GM organisms in which foreign genes are introduced, not those in which the endogenous genes have been edited. The step has drawn mixed reactions since there are some risks involved in gene editing.

Option A shifts the focus on exempting microbes. The central theme of the passage is that endogenous gene editing is not totally risk free. Therefore, we can eliminate option A. 

Option B states that categorizing GM products advances science but defies laws. No such comparison has been made in the paragraph. The legality of the issue has not been discussed and hence, we can eliminate option B. 

Option D fails to capture the fact that endogenous gene editing is not devoid of risks. 
Only option C captures the fact that  exempting endogenous gene editing is not desirable due to the risks involved. Therefore, option C is the right answer. 

Let us note down the main points of the given paragraph:

The given paragraph describes how the study of landscape gained prominence and became an independent genre. Renaissance artists facilitated the development of the field as an independent genre. 

Let us evaluate the options one by one.

Option A states that understanding of the organism in Europe led to a similar approach towards the understanding of landscape. Though this option is true, it fails to capture the fact that the field evolved as an independent genre with the help of Renaissance artists. 

Option B states that Landscape became a major subject of art at the turn of the sixteenth century. Again, option B fails to capture the role played by the Renaissance artists. 

Option D states that Renaissance artists were responsible for the study of landscape as a subject of art. The paragraph mentions that the artists facilitated in the transformation of the field into an independent genre. Option D establishes a strong relationship and holds Renaissance artists 'responsible' for the study of landscape 'as a subject of art'. The parts within the quotes disregard the fact that the artists just aided the process. They were not solely responsible for the development. Therefore, we can eliminate option D. 

Only option C captures the fact that the renaissance artists 'aided' in the development of the study of landscape as an independent genre and hence, option C is the right answer. 

The author mentions that artificial embryo twinning is 'low tech' to introduce the topic. Then, he explains how the process is exactly similar to the process of development of twins. He states that the process mimics the natural development of twins. He has not highlighted any of the differences between the 2 processes. 

Let us evaluate the options.
Option C states that artificial embryo twinning is 'low tech' unlike the natural development of twins. The author makes no such comparison in the paragraph and hence, option C can be eliminated. 

Option D states that the twins are formed during fertilization but the paragraph mentions that the twins are formed after the process of fertilization (i.e, after the sperm and the egg join). 

Option B fails to capture the fact that the twins are 'genetically' identical. Also, it states that the artificial twinning process is 'close to' the natural development of twins. Though this option is not incorrect, option A is worded in a better way. Option A states that the process is mimetic of the natural development of the twins (emphasizing that no difference has been highlighted), the twins are genetically identical and the process is similar to the process of development of twins after fertilization. Therefore, option A is the right answer.

In the given paragraph, the author has discussed about Bad Samaritan laws and whether it is enforceable by law. While answering the question, the author puts forward three points which she deems necessary for the implementation of Bad Samaritan law. Only after crossing the three obstacles mentioned by the author, the law should be enacted. Option D is the most relevant in this context.
Option A is about implementing the law without any conditions, which is not what the author wants to convey.
Option B does not mention anything about the three obstacles.
Option C is stated with a firmness which is not the tone of the author. The author says that the law may be enacted, not must be enacted.
Hence, option D is the correct answer.

The author states that a classic is not which puts him at the centre of the universe but one which gives access to radically different forms of human consciousness. 

Let us evaluate the options.

Option A states that a classic should focus on unified human experience. The author mentions the exact opposite in the paragraph. Therefore, we can eliminate option A. We can eliminate option D too since it mentions the polar opposite of what that is mentioned in the paragraph. The author is of the view that a classic should go beyond providing a unified human experience and expose one to radically different forms of human consciousness. 

We can eliminate option B since it states that a classic focuses on common humanity. Only option C captures the essence of the given paragraph and hence, option C is the right answer. 

According to the paragraph, the North American walnut sphinx moth caterpillars produce whistles which are extremely loud considering their size. These whistles appear to mimic bird(predator) alarm calls which scares them to look for cover. Thus, these sounds act as acoustic deception and help the insect to defend themselves against predators. 

Option A mentions about vocal tracts which is out of scope. Hence, it can be eliminated.

Option B though correct, fails to mention the use of sound to defend against the predators. Hence, it can be eliminated.

Option C captures all the main points and hence is right choice. 

Option D mentions 'camouflage' which is also out of context. Hence, it can be eliminated. 

Hence, option C is the right answer. 

Let us note down the important points put down by the author. 

Indians have better knowledge of their culture. A westerner might be fluent in the language but will find it hard to relate to the culture. Indians, on the other hand, might be less fluent in the language but will be able to preserve the culture when a text is translated. Therefore, Indians should translate Indian texts. 

Let us evaluate the options now. 

Option A states that Indians and Westerners face the same challenges but they have different skill sets. Indians and Westerners face different challenges while translating the text. Indians face difficulty in the language and westerners face difficulty in relating to the culture. Therefore, we can eliminate option A.

Option D fails to capture the fact that the primary intention of the paragraph is not to pit Indians against westerners but to suggest that Indians should translate Indian texts. Also, it does not capture the fact that Indians will retain the advantage only when translating the Indian texts. Therefore, we can eliminate option D. 

Option B, though true, fails to capture the India-centric angle that the paragraph adopts. The paragraph places huge emphasis on the term 'Indian texts' and only option C manages to capture this fact. Also, only option C captures the fact that it is easier to remedy errors in the language than to fix errors in the interpretation of culture. Therefore, option C is the right answer. 

According to the paragraph, Socrates and Bacon were good at asking questions. The Socratic method works in a way by finding exceptions to the arguments of the opponent, which makes the opponent to agree on something that contradicts their original position. In a similar way, Bacon stressed that it was important to disprove theory as it is to prove it. Thus both Socrates and Bacon stressed on examining arguments from both ends - to prove as well as disprove. 

Option A, which speaks only about disproving of arguments, can be eliminated.

Option B talks only about examining and observation. Hence, it can be eliminated.

Option C talks only about confirming of arguments and not the other way. Hence, it can be eliminated.

Option D captures the main points which we discussed earlier. 

Hence, option D is the right answer. 

Let us note down the important points in the given paragraph.

Global warming does not cause storms but make them more powerful. Due to the increase in the temperature, the air can absorb more moisture. This relationship (the change in the ability to absorb water with the increase in the temperature) is given by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

Let us evaluate the options.

The author provides storm Harvey as an example to illustrate how increased temperatures can arm the storms with more power. Harvey is not the central theme of the given paragraph. We can eliminate options A and D since option D places much emphasis on storm Harvey and option A states that there is no relationship between the increase in temperature and the power of storms. 

Option B states that the Clausius-Clapeyron equation cannot predict the quantum of destruction that a storm might cause. This point is totally out of context with respect to what that is being discussed in the paragraph. Therefore, we can eliminate option B as well. 

Option C precisely explains the mechanism through which global warming makes the modern storms more destructive. Therefore, option C is the right answer. 

According to the paragraph, language is like a gelatinous mass that changes shape to fit. Also, many times the only way to find meaning of word is to examine how it is used. It is stated that definitions are fixed for the word by dictionary.Wittgenstein found that circulation of ordinary language was a free-floating currency of meaning. So the meanings are dynamic. Thus, the value of word arises from the exchange and then the lexicographer abstracts meaning from that exchange. Thus, definitions are picked up from the meaning in use. 

Option A, which states that definitions are like dogmatic, cannot be found in the paragraph. Hence, it can be eliminated.

The paragraph doesn't talk about why lexicographers fix meanings. Hence, option B can be eliminated.

Option C covers all the main points. Hence, it is the right choice.

The purpose of the passage is not to compare meaning of words in dictionaries with meaning which arises from exchange. Hence, option D can be eliminated.

Hence, option C is the right choice. 

The paragraph talks about Henry Perowne losing some patients because of his hands. From the paragraph, we can understand that there definitely is a problem with his hands. Logically, the next statement should be about the patients whom Henry Perowne doesn't lose. Sentence B talks about this aspect, that though the other patients also realise that there is a problem with his hands, they are ignorant or stuck up about their options and hence go nowhere else. Hence, b) is the apt concluding statement.

The paragraph talks about trade protectionists posing as environmentalists to cover up their lacklustre economic performance. Statement A just restates the first sentence of the paragraph and hence does not move the paragraph forward. Statements B and C talk specifically about India and China, and not about the overall theme of the para. Hence, they cannot be proper concluding statements. Statement E is too sweeping in its conclusion. The apt concluding statement is D.

Statement A speaks of peaceful co-existence. However, there is no mention in the passage of who the Jews co-existed with. Also, peaceful co-existence implies that the Jews were tolerant as well, whereas the main focus of the passage is on how India has been tolerant of the Jews.

Statement B is accurate since it speaks of how Jews in India have never faced discrimination. From the term 'religous tolerance' we can see that people belonging to a particular religion and not facing discrimination would further the point of the passage.

Statement D is out of context.

Statement C is incorrect because it shifts the focus of the paragraph from the India being tolerant of Jews to Jews being tolerant of India.

Statement E is not in line with the overall theme and direction in which the para has been shaping up. It disregards the point on religious tolerance.

B is not a proper concluding statement.

D is contrary to the theme of the para.

Among A, C and E, E is the best concluding statement since it is very specific and talks about the 'origin of thought' and 'purity', which is keeping in line with the flow of the paragraph.

Hence, option E is the correct answer.

The paragraph describes the role of the chracters in the whole story.Then the paragraph moves to the macro-level stories where the organisation does not tell the whole narrative.Option 5 extends the idea about the purpose of personification of whole organisation.Option 1 and 4 are incorrect because of the deviation from the topic.Option 2 is incorrect as it talks abstracting away from the actors rather than explaining the reason behind it.Option 3 is incorrect as there is no point of invoking the importance of personification of organisation.

The paragarph starts by talking about the retaining of the allure of the photographs.It describes the new digital age where the photos have become digital. Option A perfectly ends the paragraph by talking about the positives of the photographs.
2,3,4 are deviations from the main idea. 5th is close but it introduces a new idea rather than closing the paragraph.

No inventory would ever include those, ofcourse’. The para starts with listing out ‘the inventory’. The option which says ‘what she lacked………..natural shrewdness’ is beyond the scope of the argument. All the options can be easily eliminated. ‘Those’ in the option ‘No inventory would ever include those, ofcourse’, refers to human intuition and intelligence of Mma Ramotswe.

The last sentence should talk about the statement that the author made to the art director. According to the author, the statement is not a rule. So, option a) and c) are applicable. Between these two, option c) is better because it specifically talks about this statement and not about "rules" in general. So, c) is the best concluding sentence.

Option a) talks only about one part of the chain comprising of factory, dealer and customer. Option b) is far-fetched. Options c) and d) are out of scope. Option e) completes the para in the best possible way.

The last sentence in the paragraph should counter the statement made by the nations as well as talk about diplomacy, to bring the para to a meaningful conclusion. This is best captured in option b), which says, when the veil is lifted, diplomacy is often used as a disguise for the rule of force.

The para talks about the relationship between age and entrepreneurial spirit. When people are young, they tend to believe that age brings in more credibility in transmitting information to others. However, as people age, they become less receptive to information and their opportunity costs rise. Hence, it is very likely that they become reluctant to exploit entrepreneurial opportunities as they age. Statement D, therefore, is the best concluding statement.

The para talks about good maps throwing away a large amount of non-essential information and retaining more important information. They are also simplified as a result. So, the last sentence should be about good theories being simplified and more valuable. Option a) captures the essence in the best way.

The last line of the paragraph should talk about Sudoku and the description should be in contrast to the description of Crossword. a) captures this the best way.

The last sentence should talk about the result of forming such a team.

And from the flow of the paragraph, it is clear that such a result will be mediocre.

So, the best concluding sentence is b.

We must select that sentence that follows the line of thought presented in the passage.

The author talks about the question asked by the reporter to Federer. Federer says that he was the best player of his generation but not even close to all-time best. He says that compared to “some guys” he is a minnow. So, the concluding line must be related to his answer.

Now, let’s check each of the options. Agassi might not be one of the “some guys” that Federer referred to in his statement and hence, the concluding sentence cannot be option A. Moreover, the win against Agassi does not prove that he is an all-time best tennis player. So, option A is wrong.

Option B is clearly out of scope as Sampras was not mentioned anywhere in the given passage.

Option C says that Federer is more than a minnow to his contemporaries. This sentence extends the idea given in the previous sentence and hence is in line with rest of the passage. Also, this line concludes the paragraph perfectly. Hence, sentence C could be the answer.

Option D is definitely related to the paragraph, but is not related to the question posed by the reporter. Between options C and D, option C fits better because it is more related to the question posed by the reporter and the answer given by Federer.

Hence, option C is the answer.

The paragraph says that it is not a crisis. So, option c) is wrong. Also, the frontier has not been reached and the it is not a success story. So, options b) and d) are also incorrect concluding statements. The best concluding sentence is a).

The main idea of the paragraph is the different type of foods which is primarily consumed depending upon the climate.Option A clearly summarises this perfectly.
Option B is incorrect as the climate doesn't compel the people to eat different food.
Option C doesn't indicate the the main idea of the paragraph.It only states the facts given in the paragraph.
Option D is incorrect as it is not mentioned in the paragraph that the people are required to change their food depending upon their location.

The paragraph begins with the experience of 2nd person and than gives the advice.
Option A is incorrect because it doesn't tell anything about complaining and analysing
Option C is incomplete as it only talks about the experience.
Option D is incorrect as it is written"you did not know them well".The para talks about both sides not knowing each other.

The main idea of the paragraph is the reasons behind the  generation of class conflict.Option C correctly summarises this para.Option A and B talks nothing about the class conflict.
Option D is incorrect as it does not mention the role of state in generation of class conflict.

No where is in mentioned in the paragraph that "a definitive answer" can be found. So, statement a) which says "research will help find a definitive answer", option c) which says "Research will help scientists find a definitive answer" are ruled out. Option d) is misleading because the para doesn't talk about more research than debates helping scientists. So, this option can also be ruled out. Option b) is the best summary.

Options A, B and C doesn't capture the essence as well the idea discussed in the passage. The author states that Nietzsche wanted to place excess emphasis on creative/instinctual elements instead of intellect. However, he does not stress that we need to "forego" intellect. Hence, Option A is incorrect. Similarly, Option C distorts the key points mentioned in the passage. The statement in Option B is contrary to the argument Nietzsche is making and hence, can be rejected as the correct answer.

Thus, Option D is the correct choice. 

Sentences in options a) and c) do not capture the full essence of the paragraph. In b) it is said that the umbrella is the instrument of the supreme law, whereas, according to the paragraph, the ruler is the instrument of the supreme law. So, b) is also wrong. The best summary is the one in option d).

In this paragraph, the author states that the unreasonable man tends to do things with other people which they don't want to do. For eg, the person who has lost the money won't pay the bill or the person who has just come from a long ride won't go for a ride again

Option D correctly states the tendency of the unreasonable man as the person who has heard a particular story won't hear it again.

In this paragraph, the author states that the unreasonable man tends to do things with other people which they don't want to do or is irrational. For eg, the person who has lost the money won't pay the bill or the person who has just come from a long ride won't go for a ride again.

Option A correctly highlights this as it would be irrational if a person brings a higher bidder to the salesman who has just closed the deal.

To solve such difficult and complex problems, broad and powerful thinking is needed.
Moral values cannot guarantee solution to complex problems.
Broad shoulders cannot tackle problem pertaining to human species.
Option B is negative and is not suitable.
Hence, option D is the correct answer.

As the sentence in the question talks about energy tax to raise funds, it must be for some activity which will help them come out of the energy constraints. Thus, Option D is the best fit as the concluding part.

The idiom "look before you leap means "to consider the possible consequences before committing to an action". The idiom "forewarned is forearmed" means knowing possible difficulties and dangers earlier will give one a tactical advantage. Both these idioms have a common attitude that being prepared for a possible danger is to ones advantage. Thus, option A is the right choice.

From the context we can infer that the speaker is talking to the King of Sumeria. As the King the duty to protect his subjects and ensure the economic prosperity of the kingdom will be the duty of the King. Thus, option C which reflects the same is the best choice among the options.

The sentence talks about breaking with the predominant cultural, political and social beliefs and values. In order to reconstruct something, the thing should first be broken. Thus, D logically follows the sentence.

Sentence A is incorrect as it is vague.
B is also incorrect as there is no talks of malaise in the society in the sentence.
C can also be eliminated for the same reason as B.

The given sentence talks about how entrepreneurs are never satisfied and they are always looking for something more innovative to shape the future. The quote used by the executive should be in line with this idea. C is completely unrelated to this while A distorts the meaning. Among B and D, the former one is a better choice because D talks about the business aspects which is nowhere implied in the given sentence. Hence B is the correct answer.