Who among the following pioneered binary logic and arithmetic in computers programming?

Claude Shannon's 1937 MIT master's thesis is considered one of the most important theses ever written. Shannon demonstrated that Boolean algebra — the logic system developed by George Boole in the 1800s using only TRUE/FALSE (1/0) values — could be applied directly to electrical circuits. This meant complex logical and arithmetic operations could be performed using simple on/off switches. This insight became the theoretical foundation for all modern digital computers and electronics.