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XAT Critical reasoning constitute an important question types for the Verbal and Logical Ability section of the exam. About 4-5 questions gets asked each year. In 2024, five CR questions were asked and in 2023, seven CR questions were asked. To get an indepth understanding of other question types, checking with the XAT syllabus will help you better.
We have compiled all the questions that were asked previously across the years. You could also download them as PDF. These questions give you a fair idea of the type and difficulty of the actual questions in the XAT exam. Another post-exam recommendation we'd like to make is to check our XAT score calculator that'll help you to know to your expected scores and percentiles after the exam.
Read the following excerpt carefully.
Reliability is magnetic because humans are hardwired to avoid risk, so once you prove yourself trustworthy and reliable, you become the default choice for opportunities without ever asking for them.
Which of the following options, IF TRUE, will BEST CONTRADICT the idea of the excerpt?
Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.
Of the six American winners of science Nobels this year, three were born outside the United States. In this century, the émigré fraction of U.S. Nobels in physics, chemistry and medicine now stands at 40 percent.
The nation’s long history of scientific feats, exemplified by Nobels, helped build a number of trillion-dollar companies in Silicon Valley as well as the world’s most dynamic economy and its wealth of social benefits, economists say.
Which of the following can be BEST concluded from the above passage?
Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.
When it comes to innovation and entrepreneurship, most of us now believe that failure isn’t a bad thing. In fact, it is often a necessary ingredient on the road to success. Because we know that success might come after numerous attempts, many of which might fail but eventually add up to that elusive success. Yet, when it comes to our individual careers, if there is one thing we still consider taboo, it is the dreaded pay cut.
A pay cut is still considered as a mark of personal failure. We instinctively baulk from career options, no matter how interesting they might be, the moment we realize that we must accept a salary cut.
Which of the following can be BEST concluded from the passage?
The passage describes how people instinctively reject career options the moment a pay cut is involved, treating it as a "mark of personal failure." This reveals the underlying psychology: employees equate their salary with their personal value.
If a lower salary = failure, then logically, people see their current salary as a benchmark of their self-worth, which is exactly what C concludes. Option A is too absolute ("cannot" is too strong — the passage says they baulk, not that it's impossible).
Option B is a general advice statement about risk-taking that the passage never prescribes.
Option D makes an unsupported leap connecting pay cut acceptance to entrepreneurial personality.
Option E introduces a hiring scenario involving failure that the passage never discusses.
C is the best conclusion because it captures the root cause of why pay cuts feel taboo — it's not just about money, it's about identity and perceived self-worth.
Observe the cartoon below carefully and answer the question that follows.
(Cartoon by Tom Toro, originally published in The New Yorker on November 18, 2024. Used for educational purposes)
Which of the following options BEST explains the underlying message depicted in the cartoon?
The cartoon subtly highlights the mismatch between the perspectives of the man and the dog. While the man sees the dog’s actions as simple and joyful, the dog interprets its actions as a heavy emotional responsibility to alleviate the man's depression. This disparity underscores how our understanding of others, often based on our assumptions and beliefs, may not align with their true experiences or reality (Option A).
Option B is a close competitor but misses the likely theme of the cartoon: the mismatch between how the man perceives the dog and how the dog perceives its own actions. The cartoon is more about the misunderstanding between perspectives than just the weight of duty. Option D might seem relevant as well; however, “arbitrary” implies randomness or lack of reason, which is not quite the point here. The man’s interpretation of the dog’s joy is not arbitrary; it’s a genuine but incorrect assumption based on his beliefs.
On the other hand, Option C emphasizes love and sacrifice, but the cartoon does not clearly depict mutual affection or love. The man’s perspective is superficial (“joy in simple things”), and the dog's thought focuses on burden, not love or care. Similarly, Option E implies that the dog’s identity is shaped by the man’s interpretation, which is not the case. The cartoon focuses on how the man misunderstands the dog’s reality rather than the dog’s identity being influenced by that misunderstanding.
Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.
The painting, which is in poor condition, suggests that a highly advanced artistic culture existed some 44,000 years ago, punctuated by folklore, religious myths and spiritual belief. The scene may be regarded not only as the earliest dated figurative art in the world but also as the oldest evidence for the communication of a narrative in Palaeolithic art.
"This is noteworthy, given that the ability to invent fictional stories may have been the last and most crucial stage in the evolutionary history of human language and the development of modern-like patterns of cognition” researchers said.
Which of the following can be BEST concluded from the passage?
"This is noteworthy, given that the ability to invent fictional
stories may have been the last and most crucial stage in the
evolutionary history of human language and the development of
modern-like patterns of cognition”
Thus, the paintings will help us put a timeframe to the evolution of modern-like patterns of cognition. Thus, the correct option is A.
Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.
We can think of the history of life on earth as a vast, long-term experiment in pure competition. Every living organism is competing with all other living organisms for resources (nutrients, sunlight, water, territory, etc.). Nature, or the natural world, is a laboratory of unfettered competition. It’s a dog-eat-dog, no-holds-barred, day-in and day-out struggle.
There are no governmental regulators to protect the weak or favour the strong. All organisms are given a chance, but not necessarily an equal chance. As the climate and the environment change (and change they do), some organisms are favoured over others at times, but these advantages are fleeting. What nature gives, nature can take away.
Which of the following can be BEST concluded from the passage?
The passage's main idea is that nature favors some, and life on earth can be considered a competition.
Option A: Although the passage talks about Brutal competition, 'survival of fittest' is not within the scope of the passage.
Option B: The planet being flooded with the weak is also now what the paragraph is trying to convey.
Option C: This is the opposite of what is presented in the passage.
Option D: Although the idea is somewhat present in the passage, it is the secondary thought, with the primary being that of the inherent competition.
Option E: This is in line with the paragraph's main point, that the entirety of life on earth can be considered a vast, long-term experiment in pure competition.
Therefore, Option E is the correct answer.
Read the following paragraph and answer the question that follows:
In a 2017 survey of 3,915 American workers, my colleagues and I found that workers report experiencing a sizable “voice gap” at work — that is, a gap between how much say or influence they feel they ought to have and how much they actually have — on topics such as wages, working conditions, fair treatment, and input into how they do their work.
And now a second study, I have just completed with a new team, finds that today’s workers want forms of voice and representation that go well beyond traditional unions.
Based on the above paragraph, which of the following options would you agree with the MOST?
The first study identifies the existence of a problem, and it is that the voice of the workers is not given the desired importance. The second study shows the need for new ways, beyond traditional ones such as unions, to solve the problem.
Hence the correct option is E.
Read the following paragraph and answer the question that follows:
In Australia, jellyfish are most common between November and May. In Hawaii, jellyfish often show up on south-facing beaches eight days after a full moon. In the Mediterranean, blooms usually appear in the summer. Unfortunately for travellers, there is no worldwide database for recent jellyfish sightings, and tourism officials are sometimes reluctant to publicize jellyfish swarms out of fear that such news will scare off visitors.
Which of the following can be BEST concluded from the above paragraph?
While some of the other options can be assumed indirectly from the passage, "In Hawaii, jellyfish often show up on south-facing beaches eight days after a full moon" clearly indicate that celestial bodies (moon) affect jellyfish sighting.
Hence we can conclude only option A from the passage.
Read the following paragraph and answer the question that follows:
Global surface temperatures in 2019 are on track to be either the second or third warmest since records began in the mid-1800s, behind only 2016 and possibly 2017. On top of the long-term warming trend, temperatures in 2019 have been buoyed by a moderate El Niño event that is likely to persist through the rest of the year.
Which of the following statements can be BEST inferred based on the above paragraph?
From the passage, we can understand that El Niño is an event that has affected the global surface temperatures only in 2019 and that it is likely to persist through the rest of the year. So it is unlikely that it will have any long term effects.
There is no comparison of moderate and weak El Niño in the passage.
There is no mention about El Niño occurrence in 2016 and 2017, therefore, it would be incorrect to assume anything.
From the data given it is clear that in 2019 the temperature, though high, is less than that of 2016 and 2017 so it is not true that global surface temperatures are increasing at a constant rate for the last three years.
Hence the correct option is D.
Read the following paragraph and answer the question that follows:
If we can send a human to the Moon, why can’t we build sustainable cities? Defeat cancer? Tackle climate change? So, go the rallying cries inspired by one of humanity’s greatest achievements, the US effort that put Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the Moon on 20 July 1969.
Which of the following statements, if true, BEST communicates the intent of the paragraph?
The passage clearly states that, despite sending a man to the moon, we have yet to find a solution for cancer or develop sustainable cities. Hence, we can infer the intention to state that lateral issues are more complex than the former ones. Therefore, the correct answer is E.
The tone implies: "If we could do something as hard as landing on the Moon, why haven't we solved these other problems?"
Why E is correct:
The paragraph's underlying intent is that problems like sustainable cities and cancer are being compared to the Moonshot—and the implication is that these modern challenges are even more complex and harder to solve than putting a man on the Moon. That's why they remain unsolved despite the moonshot being achievable.
Read the following paragraph and answer the question that follows:
When asked what the politician will do for the nation’s economy, he attacked the opponent by saying, “Look at that face! Would anyone vote for that? I mean, she’s a woman, and I’m not supposed to say bad things, but really, folks, come on. Are we serious? Nevertheless, we’re going to defeat ISIS. ISIS happened a number of years ago in a vacuum that was left because of bad judgment. And I will tell you, I will take care of ISIS.”
Which of the following statements BEST describes the politician’s intent?
To shift focus to ISIS instead of the economy - If this were the sole purpose, the speaker wouldn’t mention the opposing candidate. This choice doesn’t fit.
To target tough-guy voters and instill fear to win them over - While this might seem plausible, the speaker isn’t trying to frighten the audience; he’s aiming to reassure them. This option doesn’t work.
To emotionally connect with voters - This is the correct choice because the speaker taps into the masculine traits of his male listeners and seeks to ease their worries about ISIS with an emotional approach.
To sidetrack and claim security trumps the economy - Although he subtly criticizes the other candidate, this option doesn’t fully capture the speaker’s broader intent.
To make a sexist comment while addressing a key issue - Though it might appear sexist, the speaker avoids a direct remark, noting he’s supposed to be respectful since she’s a woman. This option doesn’t hold up.
Read the following paragraph and answer the question that follows:
“People who work in law, hotel and food services, and technology were found the most likely to skip breakfast daily, according to a recent study. As for people who do eat breakfast and prefer a savoury type (like an egg), the study found they tend to make more money, be night owls and prefer cats over dogs. If you prefer a sweet breakfast like a donut you tend to be a morning person, like romcoms and are a dog person”.
Which of the following can be BEST inferred based on the above paragraph?
The parameters should be comparable to the given statements when comparing any two cases. Option B is incorrect, as a savoury (salty or spicy) breakfast cannot be compared with an early breakfast. Similarly, C is wrong as there is no correlation between making more money and their tendency to eat breakfast regularly. As for option D, the relation between sweet and savoury breakfast is given in the passage. There is no reference to people with an early or late breakfast; Option D is invalidated. As far as E is concerned, again, there is no mention of pet preference directly resulting from the choice of food. In option A, all the relations are directly mentioned in the passage and, hence, is the right option.
Read the following paragraph and answer the question that follows:
Empirical observation told us years ago that goats were slowly becoming the new dog, and according to a new study, they are truly qualified to be man’s best friend. The Royal Society released heart-warming research showing that just like humans, goats have no desire to interact with people who come off as angry or upset, and that they’re much more attracted to those with big smiles plastered across their faces. When 12 males and 8 females were released into a pen decorated with images of happy and angry humans, the scientists learned that goats can “distinguish between happy and angry images of the same person,” and in general, they prefer their humans to be happy.
Which of the following statements is definitely true according to the passage?
Let's consider two instances from the passage, "they’re much more attracted to those with big smiles plastered across their faces" & "they prefer their humans to be happy".
We can infer from these that goats become happy when they are looking at a smiling person because naturally, they will be happy to see something they are attracted to.
Hence A is definitely true. But similar reactions based on emotions or situations cannot be clearly determined from the given passage.
Read the following paragraph and answer the question that follows:
An accurate measure of drug efficacy would require comparing the response of patients taking it with that of patients taking placebos; the drug effect could then be calculated by subtracting the placebo response from the overall response, much as a deli-counter worker subtracts the weight of the container to determine how much lobster salad you’re getting. In the last half of the 1950s, this calculus gave rise to a new way to evaluate drugs: the double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, in which neither patient nor clinician knew who was getting the active drug and who the placebo.
Which of the options is a wrong answer to this Question How does a double-blind ensure a better trial of a new drug?
From the passage, it is clear the that double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial is unbiased, gives no chance for the clinician to choose patients nor does the patient know if he is getting the drug or the placebo and moreover it reflects the calculus exemplified by the deli-counter episode. In no way does this trial increase the overall efficiency of the drug. So the correct answer is A.
Read the following paragraph and answer the question that follows:
Alligators are freshwater reptiles. However, people have come face to face with them in mud in a salt marsh in Georgia. Finding alligators in the salt marsh is not a mystery or a miracle. At least 23 species of predator have been spotted living in surprising habitats. Predators such as alligators, otters, mountain lions, wolves and raptors are thriving in places they shouldn't, revealing some serious misunderstandings about their behaviour and how to protect them. Scientific literature divulges that these creatures are actually returning to places they once occupied. It gives us astonishing insights into the lives of animals and helps conservationists improve the old stomping grounds of these creatures.
Which of the following statements provides the most plausible explanation of the predators' behaviour?
From the sentence "Scientific literature divulges that these creatures are actually returning to places they once occupied" it is understood that predators have a memory of their stomping grounds.
Hence the answer is D.
Study the text given below and answer the question that follows it:
Dense, dirty air laced with grease best describes the atmosphere of most Lagos streets. Drive from one corner of this great west African city to another and in no time you will find surfaces lightly dusted, like a soft sprinkling of icing on cakes. Under the half-moons of fingernails, thick grime settles. It’s a scene taken as typically African: polluted, bedraggled, unhealthy. This has only ever been made possible by the exploitation of Africa’s people. This week five west African countries, Nigeria included, announced plans to end the practice of European oil companies and traders exporting “African quality” diesel. “Dirty fuel” has earned the name because it is imported diesel with sulphur levels as high as 3,000 parts per million when the European maximum is 10ppm. To be clear, “African quality” fuel, is fuel not fit for European humans.
Which of the options is not necessarily the underlying assumption of the author in the paragraph above?
While all the other ideas are expressed in the passage, there is no mention of Europeans using racism to justify their exploitation.
Hence the correct answer is C.
Read the following paragraph and answer the question that follows:
Arti is planning for higher studies and her future goals include working as a manager of a non-profit organization designed to provide assistance to under-represented populations. Arti researched the mission statements of various colleges and discovered that college X, a small private college with a fee of Rs. 8 lakhs per year, was dedicated to producing compassionate and curious leaders. College Y, a large institute with a fee of Rs. 9 lakh per year, promoted itself as a leading research facility. Based on her research, she decided to apply to college X rather than College Y.
Which of the following options is the most likely explanation of Arti's decision?
Arti's long term goals include working towards improving the lives of under- represented populations. It was natural that she would search for a college that was dedicated to producing compassionate (tender or gentle or caring) leaders. She as any other student would have done - choose her college since its mission was similar to hers. Thus, option D is the correct choice. The other choices talk about cost, personalised attention from professors etc and are, therefore, irrelevant.
Read the following paragraph and answer the question that follows:
The size of oceanic waves is a function of the velocity of the wind and of fetch, the length of the surface of the water subject to those winds. The average impact of waves against a coastline is a function of the size of the waves and the shape of the sea bottom. The degree of erosion on coastline is a function of the average impact of waves and the geologic composition of the coastline.
According to the above paragraph, which of the following options will be true?
The relation can be depicted as follows(Variables -------> Function):
The velocity of the wind and of fetch, the length of the surface of the water subject to those winds -------> Size of oceanic waves
Size of the waves and the shape of the sea bottom ------->The average impact of waves against a coastline
The average impact of waves against a coastline, the geologic composition of the coastline -------> The degree of erosion on the coastline
Since only option E is following the flow, the correct option is E.
Read the following paragraph and answer the question that follows:
Indian religious and ethical space is different from that of the western countries. The Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Ramayana, and the Mahabharata etc. enrich Indian religious and social space. Details of the treatment of human values and Dharmas have a long tradition. They are often compared, contrasted and debated by the characters in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. In the process, it has given birth to a tradition of dharma, which has been transferred from generation to generation. Ethical discourse was not a one-time affair. From time to time, religious leaders from various regions of India nourished and strengthened the Indian ethical arena. Tiruvalluvar (second century B.C.), Kabir from Uttar Pradesh (fifteenth century A.D.), Nanak from Punjab (fifteenth century A.D), Alvars and Nayanmars of Tamil Nadu (eighth century A.D.), Basaveswara of Karnataka (Twelfth century A.D.), Sri Chaitanya (Sixteenth century) were prominent.
Which of the following assumptions will make the above paragraph redundant?
The central idea of the given paragraph is that Indian religious and ethical space is different from that of the western countries. The remaining part of the paragraph explains how Indian religious works placed emphasis on the concept of Dharma. The author is trying to promote Dharma as something unique to the Indian culture. Therefore, any idea that challenges this assumption will make the paragraph redundant. Option E states that the western culture also places emphasis on human values and dharma, taking away the uniqueness of Indian culture. Therefore, option E is the right answer.
Read the following statement:
A manager seeks approval for conducting a training programme on 'openness'. He puts forward the following arguments in favour of the program to his CEO.
Which of the following arguments is the least likely to have a logical fallacy?
Option A: Since a group of employees attended the program, a change in the openness of only one participant does not give much incentive to the CEO to give the approval. Thus, this is not the correct option.
Option B: Although this option speaks well of the programme, it does not provide any evidence of the efficacy of the programme. Thus, this is not the correct option.
Option C: Since this option provides consolidation to the efficacy of the program, this is the correct answer. This option is the least likely to have a logical fallacy, as it refers to internal studies that suggest a causal link between 'openness' and a desirable outcome (increased innovation). While the quality of these studies is unknown, the argument attempts to use evidence rather than relying on anecdotes, authority, false choices, or emotional appeals.
Option D: Giving his CEO an ultimatum is not a good idea for the approval. Thus, this is not the correct option.
Option E: Emotional appeal will have a similar effect as that of the previous option. Thus, this is not the correct option.
Thus, the correct option is C.
Read the following paragraph:
"Music probably does something interesting," explains neuropsychologist Catherine Loveday of the University of Westminster. "It stimulates the brain in a very powerful way, because of our emotional connection with it." Unlike brain-games, playing an instrument is a rich and complex experience. This is because it's integrating information from senses like vision, hearing, and touch, along with fine movements. This can result in long-lasting changes in the brain. This can also be applicable in the business world.
Go through the following statements:
1. Playing a musical instrument is a unique experience involving vision, hearing and touch.
2. Instrumental musicians are far more creative than vocalists.
3. Playing brain games does not integrate various senses and movements as much as playing a musical instrument.
4. Integrating the five senses is critical in the business world.
Which of the above statements can definitely be interpreted based on the passage above?
Statement 1: This is a distorted inference drawn from the passage and hence is not a correct statement.
Statement 2: Since vocalists are not inside the scope of the paragraph, this is not a correct statement.
Statement 3: "Unlike brain games, playing an instrument is a rich and complex experience. This is because it's integrating information from senses like vision, hearing, and touch, along with fine movements."
From the above lines, it can be inferred that playing brain games does not integrate various senses and movements as much as playing a musical instrument.
Thus, this is a correct statement.
Statement 4: This is a distorted inference as it is nowhere mentioned or implied that the five senses are critical in the business world and hence is not a correct statement.
Thus, the correct option is C.
Two statements are provided below. Decide which of the given options presents the most appropriate relationship between the two:
Statement I: The current trend indicates that food and vegetable inflation continues to be a pain point. Food inflation rose to 7.79% in June from 7.47%, and vegetable inflation rose to 14.74% from 10.85%. In the weeks ahead, the volatile food inflation will determine the course of overall inflation.
Statement II: For RBI too, the trend is a concern since under the current agreement with the government, if the inflation exceeds 2%, it'll have to explain to the government why it could not be contained (the lower limit is 2%).
The first paragraph presents the inflation scenario, and the second presents a potential outcome of the scenario (RBI having to submit an explanation to the government due to surging inflation), therefore, option B is the correct answer. Option A is incorrect as the effect is not direct. Option C is also incorrect because the second paragraph does not illustrate upon the first. Option D states RBI's 'inefficiency,' which is an unfounded conclusion. Option E is wrong as the second paragraph is not a 'remedy.'
Read the following paragraph and answer the question that follows:
Worldwide, tomato is one of the most important crops. Because this crop can be adapted for cultivation in various environments ranging from tropical to alpine regions, its cultivation area is now expanding worldwide into not so productive regions. On the other hand, traditional cultivation areas, the most favourable for tomato cultivation with warm and dry climate, are contracting. Every year, traditional cultivation areas lose 2 million hectares (ha) of land to environmental factors such as salinity, drought, and soil erosion.
Which of the following is the correct inference based on the above passage?
Tomato cultivation area is expanding worldwide into average productive lands. On the other hand, it is losing the most productive areas at a rate of almost 2 million hectors per year.
Thus, it can be inferred that the net production of tomatoes per hectare is decreasing( average productive land will produce fewer tomatoes per hectare as compared to the traditional lands).
Thus, the correct option is C.
Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:
On Friday morning, Dieting supplement sales company Herbalife agreed to pay the US Federal Trade Commission a $200 million fine. The FTC said Herbalife cheated hopeful salespeople out of hundreds of millions of dollars with a high-pressure multi-level marketing scheme.
Herbalife’s stock received an immediate 15% increase following the above news. The company also announced that it would hire a second former FTC commissioner in a press release describing the terms of the settlement.
Which of the following options would imply that the 15 percent increase in stock price is fair?
Option A: This option, if true, will incentivise cheating and unfairness and hence is not the correct option.
Option B: This can be rejected on the same grounds as option A.
Option C: Since this option is stating contrary to what happened, this is not the correct option.
Option D: Acknowledgement of deceit, albeit honest, will decrease the trust of investors, therefore, this is the not the correct option.
Option E: Compliance with court order will increase the trust of investors and would be a fair action taken by the company.
Thus, the correct answer is option E.
Read the following conversation:
OINOS: I can comprehend you thus far-that certain operations of what we term Nature, or the natural laws, will, under certain conditions, give rise to that which has all the appearance of creation. Shortly before the final overthrow of the earth, there were, I well remember, many very successful experiments in what some philosophers were weak enough to denominate the creation of animaculae.
AGATHOS: The cases of which you speak were, in fact, instances of the secondary creation - and of the only species of creation which has ever been, since the first word spoke into existence the first law.
Which of the following options CANNOT be DEFINITELY inferred based on the above conversation?
In the given passage, nowhere in the conversation is it stated that philosophers created natural laws. Oinos only mentions that some philosophers mistakenly referred to the creation of animaculae as true creation, but this does not imply that they themselves created natural laws. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.
Option A: Agathos discusses "secondary creation" and explains that the only type of creation that has occurred is through natural laws.
Option B: Oinos mentions "shortly before the final overthrow of the earth," implying that the Earth no longer exists at the time of the conversation.
Option C: Oinos states that certain natural laws give rise to the appearance of creation, and he recalls successful experiments in creating animaculae. Agathos confirms these as "secondary creation," which aligns with natural laws.
Option E: Agathos says, "since the first word spoke into existence the first law," implying that law was created through a spoken command.
… there is a degree of convergence in the definition of trust which can be summarized as follows: Trust is a particular level of the subjective probability with which an agent assesses that another agent or group of agents will perform a particular action. When we say we trust someone or that someone is trustworthy, we implicitly mean that the probability that he will perform an action that is beneficial to us….
Which of the following statement BEST COMPLETES the passage above?
"Trust is a particular level of the subjective probability with which an agent assesses that another agent or group of agents will perform a particular action."
Options A, C, and E can be eliminated as they are irrelevant to the current discussion of trust to 'perform a particular action'.
Option B: The passage suggests that trust is based on a high subjective probability that another person will act beneficially. In such cases, we would feel comfortable engaging in cooperation because we believe the other party will act fairly. Thus, this is the correct option.
Option D : While trust may reduce the need for defenses, the passage defines trust as expecting beneficial actions, not merely the absence of aggression. This option emphasizes defense and aggression too much, rather than positive cooperation. Thus,we can eliminate this
The correct option is B.
“Assumptions are analogous to the basic ingredients in a gourment recipe. Only the final product of the recipe dictates whether the ingredients suffice………”
Which of the following is ANALOGOUS to the statement above?
It can be inferred from the given line that assumptions are analogous to ingredients in a recipe. Only the taste of the final food can tell whether the ingredients were appropriate or not. Option E is the most relevant.
Hence, option E is the correct answer.
The FIRST and the LAST sentences of the paragraph are numbered 1 & 6. The others, labelled as P, Q, R and S are given below:
1.Suppose I know someone, Smith.
P. One day you come to me and say: “Smith is in Cambridge.”
Q. I inquire, and find you stood at Guildhall and saw at the other end a man and said: “That was Smith.”
R. I’d say: “Listen. This isn’t sufficient evidence.”
S. I’ve heard that he has been killed in a battle in this war.
6. If we had a fair amount of evidence he was killed I would try to make you say that you’re being credulous.
Which of the following combinations is the MOST LOGICALLY ORDERED?
Statement S is connected to statement 1 in which the author provides information about Smith and his knowledge about him.
'Inquire' in statement Q refers to the fact mentioned in statement P. So, statement Q should follow P. 'Evidence' mentioned in statement R refers to the argument mentioned in statement Q. So, statement R should follow statement Q. Thus, the correct order is 1 - S - P - Q - R - 6.
Hence, option A is the correct answer.
In recent past, Indian football team has lost most of the matches in international football tournaments. The most successful coaches in Indian club football tournaments are from Latin American countries. In most of the Latin American countries, football is more popular sport than cricket.
From the passage above, choose the correct option:
There is no mention of popularity of cricket in India. Option A cannot be concluded.
It is given that football is popular in Latin America. But, we cannot conclude that football is also successful there. Option B cannot be inferred.
The paragraph gives information about coaches of Indian club football teams. We cannot infer option C.
Option D is out of the scope of the passage.
Option E is true that the relation between expertise of a coach and the popularity of that sport in his country cannot be established based on the information provided in the passage.
hence, option E is the correct answer.
Consider the two related statements below:
Statement I: Offices and positions for the marginalized sections should be open to those with greater savings among them.
Statement II: Offices and positions must be open to everyone based on the principle of fair opportunity
Which of the following is true?
Supporting equal opportunity does not contradict meritocracy. Option C is wrong.
Statement I does not assume that marginalized sections of society are incapable of saving or that they depend on subsidies. Options A and E are, therefore, irrelevant.
Statement II mentions that offices and positions must be 'open to everyone' based on 'fair opportunity,' therefore, it assumes that opportunities are open to everyone or that everyone is exposed to opportunities, which is an unfounded assumption. Option B is correct.
Statement II only talks about opportunity, and does not mention equal competence or intelligence, option D is, therefore, incorrect.
This season will pass. The Prime Minister may not win Lok Sabha elections, or she may; she may not continue as Prime Minister, or she may. The country will survive whatever the texture of politics in this decade or the next.
Which of the following, IF TRUE, will BEST reinforce the author’s view?
Option A and B are irrelevent.
Option C is contradictory to what author states, because then if prime minister falls country will not be able to survive.
The main point of the passage is country will survive as it is independent of any other factors.
The author is presenting several alternative futures and stating that the country would thrive in every future and this fact will not depend on any of the current factors responsible. If this thing would have happened earlier also and the country is still thriving, this will most strongly support the author's argument.
Hence, option D is the correct answer.
In the following pages, I shall demonstrate that there is a psychological technique which makes it possible to interpret dreams, and that on the application of this technique, every dream will reveal itself as a psychological structure, full of significance, and one which may be assigned a specific place in the psychic activities of the walking state, Further, I shall endeavour to elucidate the processes the nature of the psychic forces whose conflict or cooperation is responsible for our dreams. This done, my investigation will terminate, as it will have reached the point where the problem of the dream merges into more comprehensive problems, and to solve these we must have recourse to material of a different kind.
Which of the followings would be closest to the ideas expreses in the first two sentences of the above passages?
The passage discusses how dreams, which are overt effects (observable experiences), can be interpreted using a psychological technique to reveal their deeper, hidden covert causes (underlying psychological structures and unconscious processes)
The phrase "every dream will reveal itself as a psychological structure, full of significance" suggests that an external dream has an internal meaning. Therefore, the idea that "overt effects can have covert causes" best aligns with the passage. Thus, the correct option is E.
Read the following statements carefully:
Statement 1 : If you want to understand the causes that existed in the past, look at the results as they are manifested in the present.
Statement 2 : Murali did not work as hard as his friends but had secured 1st rank in the examination
Which of the following options is correct with respect to the above two statements?
Statement 1 says that by looking at the results, we can get to the causes.
However, in statement 2, by looking at the results, we cannot negate statement 1 as there are multiple other reasons as aptitude, luck, e.t.c which has not been mentioned in the statement. So the partial information cannot state that statements are contradictory. Statement 1 can still be true even if statement 2 is valid.
Hence, option E is the correct answer.
Ranu is an ordinary sportsperson. In the last two university sprint events, her performances in the heats were pathetic. Which of the following, if true, weakens the above argument the most?
Option A: Since this statement is in line with the author's argument, this is not the correct option.
Option B: If this is true, then this will weaken the author's argument as this will drag out Ranu from the ordinary person category. Thus, this is the correct option.
Option C: This statement will strengthen the author's argument. This is not the correct option.
Option D. This statement is irrelevant to the author's position. This is not the correct option.
Option E: If true, this will also weaken the author's argument, but since option B weakens the author's argument most, this is not the correct option.
Thus, the correct option is B.
The MBA (1) is hardly a prerequisite for success, but it (2) certainly helps (3), and it has been getting more important (4) in recent years. Most (5) MBA programs equip their graduates to understand how (6) to deal with many of the important questions that their organizations will need to tackle (7) over time, and (8) that they will face in their careers.
The above italicized numbered words will be correctly represented by the following parts of speech:
1 - Noun
2- Pronoun
3 - Verb
4 - Adjective
5 - Adjective
6 - Adverb
7 - Verb
8 - Conjunction
Hence, option E is the correct answer.
Read the following paragraph carefully and answer the question that follows:
It is one week since Uttarakhand’s worst disaster in living memory. Flash floods resulting from extremely intense rainfall swept away mountainsides, villages and towns, thousands of people, animals, and agricultural fields, irrigation canals, domestic water sources, dams, roads, bridges, and buildings - anything that stood in the way. A week later, media attention remains riveted on the efforts to rescue tens of thousands of pilgrims and tourists visiting the shrines in the uppermost reaches of Uttarakhand’s sacred rivers. But the deluge spread far
beyond th Char Dhams - Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath - to cover the entire state. The catchments of many smaller rivers also witnessed flash floods, but the media has yet to report on the destruction there. Eyewitness accounts being gathered by official agencies and voluntary organisations have reported devastation from more than 200 villages so far, and more affected villages are being reported every day.
Which of the following would the author agree with the most?
Option A: From the last part of the paragraph, it can be inferred that the damage was not limited to the Char Dhams. The intensity of the destruction is yet to be reported. Thus, this is not the correct option.
Option D: This is a very extreme statement and hence cannot be the answer.
Option E: Since the author did not draw any comparison between media and voluntary organizations, this is not the correct option.
Options B and: "But the deluge spread far beyond the Char Dhams - Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath - to cover the entire state. The catchments of many smaller rivers also witnessed flash floods but the media has yet to report on the destruction there."
Although both the options are true, option C is the correct option, as this option also covered the reporting part of the disaster.
Thus, the correct option is C.
Which of the following is the correct form of expression for the underlined part of the
sentence below?
Patna is not only the capital of Bihar, but it is also one of the oldest cities in the world and the largest city in the state.
Whenever we use "the" we use the superlative form of the adjective(oldest), hence C, D, E is incorrect. "Nevertheless" in the second option is erroneous. Option A is the correct answer.
Read the definitions below and select the best match between the numbered sentences and the
definitions.
Premise: A proposition from which another statement is inferred or follows a conclusion.
Assumption: Something, which is accepted as true.Facts: Something, which can be checked.
Reason: A cause, explanation or justification for an action or event.
Conclusion: An end, finish or summarization of process or argument.
Proposition: A statement that expresses judgment or opinion.
Question: A sentence worded or expressed so as to elicit opinion.
Inductive inference: An end, finish or summarization reached for “the whole”, based on “a particular” real incidence.
Deductive Inference: An end, finish or summarization reached based on the combining and recombining two or more than two assumptions
When you look at the people who make fundamental, revolutionary breakthroughs in any field, you keep noticing over and over again a high preponderance of them have some sort of disability when they were younger, whether it was a physical disability or mental disability, which leads to lower expectations from others, whom they always wanted to prove wrong (1). And what does it do (2)? What does that do to you, when you try to prove someone wrong (3)? You increase your engagement in something because you want to fight against those expectations (4). So it seems like it actually can be a gift having what we label as a disability, or disorder, and cause people to overcompensate and engage in things in other ways (5). A research study shows that higher number of people with dyslexia become social entrepreneurs because they over- compensate their disability through nonverbal communication, initiative and grit (6). And this overcompensation leads to greatness (7).The best match would be:
The first sentence is like the speaker's main idea that they haven't proven yet, so it's an assumption.
The second part is a direct question.
The fourth part gives the reason why people might act a certain way.
The last part is the speaker's final thought or conclusion based on what they've said.
Hence, Option B is correct.
Read the definitions below and select the best match between the numbered sentences and the
definitions.
Premise: A proposition from which another statement is inferred or follows a conclusion.
Assumption: Something, which is accepted as true.Facts: Something, which can be checked.
Reason: A cause, explanation or justification for an action or event.
Conclusion: An end, finish or summarization of process or argument.
Proposition: A statement that expresses judgment or opinion.
Question: A sentence worded or expressed so as to elicit opinion.
Inductive inference: An end, finish or summarization reached for “the whole”, based on “a particular” real incidence.
Deductive Inference: An end, finish or summarization reached based on the combining and recombining two or more than two assumptions
The fatal consequences of having a routine midday meal for at least twenty-two children in Bihar's Saran district expose the chronic neglect of school education in a large part of India (1). That governments cannot find a small piece of land for a school and are unable to store food materials without the risk of contamination is a telling commentary on their commitment to universal primary education (2). The Bihar horror clearly points to the absence of strong normative procedures for the provision of infrastructure, even for a new school (3).
The best match would be:
Each of the given sentences are summaries of particular events. Therefore, all are inductive inferences as mentioned in the definition.
The answer is option D.
Choose the most appropriate option after reading the following statements.
1.Whether due to haste or design, the new laws are marked by vagueness, leaving officials all down the organization's bureaucratic chain great latitude in enforcing them.
2.The opacity of the language leaves the law open to manipulation on political grounds.
Statement 1 talks about 'the new laws' being vaguely worded. Statement 2 talks about 'the law' being open to manipulation due to its language. Sentence 1 and 2 are unrelated since 1 talks about a set of new laws (plural) and 2 talks about the law (a particular law that should have been introduced in some other statement, singular). Therefore, the 2 statements are independent and hence, option E is the right answer.
Choose the most appropriate option after reading the following statements.
1. If there is any endeavour whose fruits should be freely available, that endeavour is surely publicly financed science.
2. There is a widespread feeling that the journal publishers who have mediated the scientific exchange for the past century or more are becoming an impediment to free distribution of knowledge.
3. Internet revolution is happening, making knowledge transfer cheaper. Technology permits it; researchers and politicians want it, more public money can be spent on it.
Statement 1 argues for the free availability of publically financed science. Statement 2 gives information about some possible impediments to free availability. Statement 3 states that the internet revolution is making knowledge transfer cheaper, and in future, it has the possibility of facilitating statement 1.
Thus, the correct option is B.
Choose the most appropriate option after reading the following statements.
I. Business schools are ideally positioned to point out when an action that provides a benefit for an individual comes at a cost to society, but in reality they rarely bother.
2. It is part of the malaise that has befallen the political debate on capitalism, which has been taken over by special interests and people who have no faith in a real market-based system.
3. When governments favours the private sector it is all too often by being "pro-business" rather than "pro-market", meaning that favourable conditions are provided to particular institutions rather than to institutions broadly.
The second statement starts with the pronoun 'it'. The third statement talks about the government favouring private sector. Therefore, the 'it' in the second statement most probably refers to the favours extended by the government. Sentences 2 and 3 are dependent. Sentence 1 talks about business schools and is unrelated to the remaining 2 sentences (which talk about the government and politics). Therefore, option B is the right answer.
“On a wing and a prayer the Indian team landed in Heathrow to take on their formidable opponents”. From the above sentence it can be inferred that the Indian team was
The phrase "On a wing and a prayer" means to do something without preparation and hoping to succeed. From the sentence it can be inferred that the Indian team was under prepared and hoping to succeed.
Hence, the correct answer is Option D
Alfredo, Diego and Lionel are discussing Argentinean football.
Alfredo: Argentina was a football powerhouse.
Diego: Argentina is a football powerhouse.
Lionel: Argentina will be a football powerhouse.
Which of the following cannot be inferred from the above conversation?
Alfredo has a good thought about the past while Diego has a good thought about the present.
This does not mean that Alfredo would disagree heavily with Diego and be adamant that only the past state of Argentinian football was a bright one and the present is not. Hence, D is incorrect.
Ethologists, people who study animal behavior, have traditionally divided an organism’s actions into two categories: learned behavior (based on experience) and instinctive behavior (based on genotype). Some current scholars reject this distinction, claiming that all behavior is a predictable interaction of experience and genotype.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the arguments made in the sentence above?
The main point of the paragraph is that the behavior of all organisms is an outcome of the interaction between experience and genotypes. Hence, all organisms with identical genotypes and identical experience will always behave in identical manner. This is given in option D.
Hence, option D is the correct answer.
The benefits of psychotherapy result not only from the advice the therapist gives but also from the supportive relationship offered to the patient. Even though this relationship may cost large amounts of money over many years, most patients interpret the therapist’s concern for them as genuine and identify this caring relationship as the primary factor in improving their mental health. However, recent studies have found that only eight percent of therapist/patient relationships continue after the patient terminates formal paid visits.
Which of the following is in accordance with the ideas contained in the passage? Choose the best option.
The passage states that even though psychotherapy is expensive, the supportive relationship offered by therapists benefits patients a lot. But in the last line, it has been mentioned that very few therapists continue this relationship after the paid visits are terminated. Hence, we can infer that they are equally concerned with money-making. Option A is the correct answer.
All other options are irrelevant or alien to the passage.
Most of the Asian countries have trade-deficit with China. Bangladesh’s trade deficit with China this year has increased by 35%. Despite large increases in exports to China, Indonesia’s trade deficit with China continues to increase. So does that of South Korea, home of Samsung Electronics, one of the world’s largest manufacturers of electronic gadgets.
Which of the following, if true, would be most inconsistent with the above passage?
In the given paragraph, it has been mentioned that exports to China from Indonesia has increased significantly. At the same time the trade deficit of Indonesia with China has widened. Trade deficit is exports minus imports. If the trade deficit has widened then the imports should have increased at a higher rate as compared to the exports.
So, option C which mentions the decrease in exports to Indonesia from china is inconsistent with the information given in the passage.
Hence, option C is the correct answer.
All who studied commerce enjoy sports. No tax consultant enjoys sports. All those who enjoy sports love classical music.
If the above sentences are true, which of the following also must be true?
From the venn diagram, we can see that only option D is possible.
Hence, option D is the correct answer.
When income tax rates are reduced, there is an increase in taxable income, and an increase in
taxable income results in increased total income tax revenues for the government. Which of the following is analogues to the argument above in terms of its logical features?
The given situation talks about a benefit getting reaped by a counter-intuitive step. If Govt. wants increased tax revenues then a straightforward suggestion would have been to increase tax rates. Any suggestion to reduce tax rates would be thought of as complete opposite of desired result. But as the situation given in the question explains, it actually helps the Govt. in fulfilling its goal.
Similarly, if a product is to be advertised, it is expected that the prospective customer be told about it in as much detail as possible. But that would backfire as no one bothers reading long ads. So brief ads with less than 25 words which would initially seem too short to advertise the product well turn out to be the best way to market the product. This is analogous to the income tax rate situation of the Govt. Hence, the answer.
“It was AC Milan’s success in Europe in the sixties that introduced the ‘libero’ as the Italian default and, a quarter of a century later, it was AC Milan’s success in Europe that killed it off.” Which of the following was not implied in the above sentence?
The given sentence implies that 'libero' was introduced as the Italian default due to Milan's success and it was killed a century later due to their success.
Option D implies the opposite of what has been mentioned in the given sentence. All other option can be implied.
Hence, option D is the correct answer.
The 2001 census showed a sharp decline in the literacy rate compared to 1991, but the 2006 literacy rate increase suggests that India progressed in literacy between 1991 and 2006.
Which of the following statements, if true, best refutes the above argument?
The argument is that India made up for the loss incurred in literacy rate from 1991 to 2001 by improving in the 5 year span from 2001 to 2006.
This can be refuted if it can be proven that the progress made in 2001 to 2006 was not good enough in amount to cover the losses incurred in the previous 10 year period. So even if India improved in 2001-06, the improvement might have been marginal and hardly substantial.
This is given to us by option D. Hence, the answer.
Media are not just passive channels of information. Not only do they supply the stuff of thought, but they also shape the process of thought. And what the internet seems to be doing is chipping away our capacity for concentration. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument presented above?
The argument is that the internet is affecting our ability to concentrate in a negative way. Hence, any activity which requires a certain amount of concentration might increasingly become difficult to pull off for average humans. This gets strengthened if it gets seen that more people have started falling asleep while reading printed books, traditionally an activity which requires a good amount of concentration/attention span. Falling asleep when doing the task is symptomatic of lack of required concentration.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument presented in the previous question?
Option A: Since this option is irrelevant to the author's argument, this is not the correct option.
Options B and D: This option strengthens the author's argument rather than weakening it. Thus, this is not the correct option.
Option C: Studies show essay writing skills have remained the same over the decades.
If internet browsing had negatively affected concentration, we would expect a decline in writing skills. This contradicts the claim that the internet is eroding deep thought.
Option E: If the internet's usage enhances the youth's critical thinking, then this weakens the author's argument about the harmful effects of the internet on people.
Both option C and option E weaken the argument, but option E is a stronger counter.Randomness has to be dealt with successfully to ensure a better control over one’s life. Before one can deal effectively with randomness, one must acknowledge its existence.
The above statement implies the following except:
The paragraph states that if one wants control over his own life, he has to deal with randomness. Also, one has to accept the existence of randomness to deal with it effectively. Let's take a look at the options one by one. We will check each option by assuming it to be false. If falsifying the option overturns the conclusion of the paragraph then the option is implied by the paragraph.
Option A- If option A is not true, then the statement is overturned. If randomness cannot be dealt with effectively then we cannot do that to exert control over our life. Hence, option A is implied.
Option B - If we assume this statement to be false, then the paragraph is not affected. If, say, not just acknowledgement of randomness but other skills are involved in dealing with randomness. Then the statements of the paragraph still hold true. Hence, B is not implied by the paragraph.
Option C - If this statement is not true, then the second statement of the paragraph is overturned. Hence, this is implied.
Option D - If this statement is not true, then those who dont live in a random world can exert control over their life without dealing with randomness. Hence, first part of the paragraph is overturned. Thus, this is implied by the paragraph.
Option E - If this statement is not true, then the second statement of the paragraph is overturned. Hence, this is implied.
Hence, only option B is not implied.
Perhaps this war will pass like the others which divided us, leaving us dead, killing us along with the killers but the shame of this time puts its burning fingers to our faces. Who will erase the ruthlessness hidden in innocent blood?
Which of the following is certainly not implied in the above verse?
In the given verse, there is no mention of peace and what happens after war. Thus, option B can certainly be not implied.
Hence, option B is the correct answer.
Few sentences are given below continuously. Identify the best sequence of punctuations among the given option s. (The rule of capitalization at the beginning of sentences has been ignored in the passage given below). Note: the arrows in the options indicate text that would be within the punctuations.
a persons frames of perception and action are narrow in early stages of development focused on social membership and technical competence the early life of the organizations often is focused on survival and efficiency only later and rarely emphasizing process of
learning and development however in later stages both individual and organization become more concerned with the learning process itself the way the perceptions and practices are articulated and revised in interactions and how more people can be engaged in mutual learning and inquiry
The paragraph can be rephrased as:
A person's frames of perception and action are narrow in early stages of development. Focused on social membership and technical competence. The early life of the organizations often is focused on survival and efficiency, only later and rarely emphasizing process of learning and development. However in later stages both individual and organization become more concerned with the learning process itself: the way the perceptions and practices are articulated and revised in interactions and how more people can be engaged in mutual learning and inquiry.
Thus, the correct option is E.
As the information on air warfare tasks and stressors was being gathered and scenarios were being developed, a parallel effort ensued to identify a test bed simulation for air warfare teams. To maintain experimental control, it was determined by the designers that choosing a low physical fidelity simulation was acceptable as long as cognitive fidelity in a team simulation was maintained through subjecting soldiers to pressure situations in a simulated combat setting and attempting to ensure that naturalistic decision making of soldiers would not be compromised.
Which of the following statements, if true, weakens the logic of the above passage?
i. A number of studies have shown that high levels of physical stress lead to a weakening of the decision - making capabilities of human beings.
ii. It has been convincingly demonstrated by various studies that human beings by nature are not designed to adapt to high levels of mental stress.
iii. Numerous studies have shown that simulated environments can be designed to be good substitutes for real - life combat situations.
iv. Studies have shown that simulated exercises for armed forces personnel have tended to induce a systematic type of “correct” and common behaviour among the trainees.
v. Officers, when short - listing soldiers for critical operations, pick up battle - hardened soldiers rather than those who have been trained through simulations.
The main argument of the paragraph is that the naturalistic decision making capabilities of individual soldiers should not be compromised.
Statement i mentions the weakening of the decision making ability. So, statement i weakens the argument.
Statement iv also mentions about common behaviour among the trainees which defies the individualism.
Hence, option C is the correct answer.
The motivation of human beings towards their work is a subject matter that is at once a simple as well as an extremely complicated matter. For a long time, economists, sociologists, as well as psychologists believed that a carrot and stick approach, with monetary incentives playing the role of the carrot, would be sufficient to goad employees towards achieving higher levels of performance. However, a number of recent studies and observations, especially dealing with the open source revolution are placing on the table strong evidence suggesting that monetary incentives are only one part of the entire story of motivation through incentives. In a study conducted by a group of researchers at MIT, it was found that monetary incentives work well only in respect of tasks requiring mechanical skills i.e. those tasks not requiring much use of higher level cognitive abilities (such as memorizing or problem solving). In fact their study showed that setting high monetary incentives for tasks requiring cognitive abilities were more likely than not to produce adverse outcomes. Since this result flew straight in the face of the widely accepted body of knowledge on employee motivation, they conducted multiple experiments in different settings and countries to ensure that it was not a one - off result. The findings were the same in all repetitions of the experiment. These studies appear to suggest that monetary incentives need to be provided only to such an extent as to take the minds of employees off the issue of money and focus on other issues that are necessary to get the job done right. For instance, some experiments have shown that greater autonomy to employees and lowered interference from management (and bosses) is successful in driving the performance of employees working in cognitive skill intensive jobs.
Identify the statement(s) that is (are) logically consistent with the con tent of the paragraph
i. The carrot - stick approach essentially requires the use of rewards to get more of a desired behaviour whereas penalties lead to increased undesirable behaviour.
ii. Expending time and effort on the design of monetary incentives is a wasteful exercise.
iii. The study by the group of MIT researchers was a flawed exercise from the start.
iv. There appears to be a need to reorient the existing paradigm prevalent in incentive design.
v. During the process of designing incentives, one should clearly delineate activities into those requiring mechanical skills and those requiring higher - level cognitive skills and design with separate sets of incentives and penalties for each.
The paragraph states that though monetary incentives are necessary for an employee, the importance of motivations such as greater autonomy cannot be overstated.
Hence, option E is the correct answer.
Answer questions on the basis of the information below.
Five reviews of the recently published novel, Caught in a Blizzard, are reproduced below. The reviews and the reviewers are identified as indicated by the numbers.
a: This novel can change your life - for the good, as it has changed mine. It has made me reflect critically about my life.
b: The novel has become a popular piece of literature, more among the youth than among the older population.
c: The author uses the plot in her novel to present her philosophy about life in a positive light, rather than relying on the merits of the philosophy per se.
d: The author is known to be a writer of great power. The intricate and captivating plots in her novels shows that she has a subtle and ingenious mind.
e: People have been jolted out of their beliefs about love and other different aspects of life after reading this novel.
The options to the questions 75 - 77 are same as the reviews/reviewers indicated above.
There has been criticism about reviewers that they write reviews after having a cursory reading of the book in question. Based on the analysis of the different reviews, which reviewer is most likely to have read the book in greater detail as compared to the other reviewers?
While option B is a statistical and option D describes the characteristic of the author, option E is a general/popular opinion. All these three do not display show that the authors read the book in great detail.
While option C seems like an informed review, option A signifies a deep personal connection
One can understand the philosophical aspects even with superficial reading. Option A suggests that the book had a great deal of impact on their life. This signifies a deep personal interest and commitment towards the novel.
Hence option A seems more appropriate and can be acclaimed as a reviewer who read the book in great detail
Answer questions on the basis of the information below.
Five reviews of the recently published novel, Caught in a Blizzard, are reproduced below. The reviews and the reviewers are identified as indicated by the numbers.
a: This novel can change your life - for the good, as it has changed mine. It has made me reflect critically about my life.
b: The novel has become a popular piece of literature, more among the youth than among the older population.
c: The author uses the plot in her novel to present her philosophy about life in a positive light, rather than relying on the merits of the philosophy per se.
d: The author is known to be a writer of great power. The intricate and captivating plots in her novels shows that she has a subtle and ingenious mind.
e: People have been jolted out of their beliefs about love and other different aspects of life after reading this novel.
The options to the questions 75 - 77 are same as the reviews/reviewers indicated above.
Out the five reviews given, which one can be most objectively validated?
"Objectively Validated" means something that can be verified with clarity by almost anyone and something which lacks a personal bias/inclination. Objective validation means being able to review/cross check said details in a neutral setting and in a tangible manner.
We can say that reviews A and D reflect personal experiences/opinions rather than an objective review.
However, what we can do is validate review B with confidence: whether the book is genuinely more popular among the youth than among the older generation. This can be done by carrying out an independent survey - hence, objective validation.
Answer questions on the basis of the information below.
Five reviews of the recently published novel, Caught in a Blizzard, are reproduced below. The reviews and the reviewers are identified as indicated by the numbers.
a: This novel can change your life - for the good, as it has changed mine. It has made me reflect critically about my life.
b: The novel has become a popular piece of literature, more among the youth than among the older population.
c: The author uses the plot in her novel to present her philosophy about life in a positive light, rather than relying on the merits of the philosophy per se.
d: The author is known to be a writer of great power. The intricate and captivating plots in her novels shows that she has a subtle and ingenious mind.
e: People have been jolted out of their beliefs about love and other different aspects of life after reading this novel.
The options to the questions 75 - 77 are same as the reviews/reviewers indicated above.
Which reviewer eulogises the author rather than critically reviews the novels?
The question asks for the review where the author is heavily praised and not the book. Review d explicitly praises the author and barely dwells on the author's work/book. Hence, it is the correct answer to this question.
“The sum of behaviour is to retain a man’s dignity without intruding upon the liberty of others”, stated Sir Francis Bacon. If this is the case, then not intruding upon another’s liberty is impossible.
The conclusion strongly implied by the author of the passage is:
From the paragraph, we can conclude that intruding other's liberty is essential for maintaining one's dignity.
Hence, option A is the correct answer.
“Indigestion? Acidity? Unable to sleep?...Don’t spend the time tossing and turning! Take Magix for a sound, restful sleep ... you‘ll soon fall asleep, and wake up refreshed and energized. Remember ... Magix when you are suffering from acidity and need that sleep!”
All of the following are claims of Magix except:
Magix never claimed to cure indigestion, hence acidity, it claimed a restful sleep in case of acidity. Except a cure to digestion, all other are claims of Magix.
Hence, option C is the correct answer.
Filmmakers tend to highlight their emotional points with visuals, rather than dialogue. Words tend to be the tools of playwrights. Images are the stuff that films are made of. Nevertheless, many successful films have been made from stage plays and contain little else than one location or one stage set.
The option most opposite to the idea in the paragraph:
The paragraph states that though filmmakers highlights their points through visuals, many films are filmed at one location or at one set only. Option C is the most opposite to the idea given in the paragraph.
Hence, option C is the correct answer.
Classify following sentences into Fact (F), Judgment (J) and Inference (I) based on the definitions provided below, and choose the most suitable sequence among the given options.
Fact (F): If it is to a known matter of direct observation, or an existing reality or something known to be true.
Judgment (J): If it is an opinion or estimate or anticipation of common sense or intention.
Inference (I): If it is logical conclusion or deduction about something based on the knowledge of facts.
i) Proper allocation of resources is required for the overall development of our economy.
ii) Government has decided to allocate the gas from KG basin to power fertiliser sector.
iii) A court decision against the declared policy guidelines can result in government intervention in the form of an appeal.
iv) Some section of the society may consider this decision as a deliberate attempt to protect some private interest.
Statement I and III are inferences because they are logical conclusions based on facts.
Statements II is a fact as it is verifiable.
Statement IV is judgement because the phrase "may consider this decision as a deliberate attempt" is highly opinionated.
Hence, option A is the correct answer.
Unlike other retail outlets, where items are purchased in any number of units the customer wants, in super - markets items are grouped in bulk packages. This bulk buying offers savings to the customer. The option to buy at wholesale prices by buying in bulk makes super - markets a practical choice for budget - conscious consumers.
Which of the following is an assumption necessary to the author’s argument?
The argument states that supermarkets are a practical choice for budget-conscious consumers because they offer savings through bulk buying. However, one potential drawback of bulk purchasing is that customers cannot buy exactly the quantity they need.
For the argument to hold, the author must assume that the savings from buying in bulk are significant enough to make up for this inconvenience. If the inconvenience were greater than the savings, supermarkets would not necessarily be a practical choice. Therefore, Option E is a necessary assumption.
Option A: This talks about variety and overhead costs, which are unrelated to the author's argument about savings from bulk buying.
Option B: This mentions convenience and parking, which are not part of the author's reasoning for why supermarkets are a budget-conscious choice.
Option C: This talks about competition and small retail store closures, which are not relevant to the argument about customer savings.
Option D: This contradicts the argument by stating that bulk buying seldom offers savings, which goes against the author's claim that supermarkets are a practical choice for budget-conscious consumers.
Widespread use of lectures in class-rooms in business schools leads to severe negative consequences. The first consequence is theoretically knowledgeable graduates who cannot apply theory to solve real world problems. The more serious consequence is that lectures encourage a feeling of total omniscience among them which persists for quite some time after graduating. This feeling prevents "them from learning from their subordinates and colleagues.
Which of the following can best help to reduce these negative consequences among the students in a business school?
The negative consequences are due to the fact that the theory learnt in the classroom cannot be applied in the real life situation by the students. To cope with this situation, the classrooms should teach how to apply theoretical knowledge in practical domain. Option D is the most relevant.
Dr. Puneet worried about the test results of his patient, Ms. Benita. Ms. Benita was an old rich widow with no dependents. The results indicate that Ms. Benita has the potentially fatal Lymphanigioleiomyomatosis (LAM) disease. LAM is rare and difficult to diagnose. People with LAM often need oxygen and lung transplants as the disease continues its course. According to the test results, Ms. Benita might have got it.
Dr. Puneet explained the situation to Ms. Benita carefully. Without naming the disease, he explained that the disease was progressive and would need treatment using drugs which were still at the experimental stage. Even then, the chance of success was not too bright. If the treatment was unsuccessful, then they would have to get ready for a lung transplant. The lung transplant itself was a risky course of treatment. Even if successful, she would require constant medical support and treatment.
Ms. Benita looked blank. She asks Dr. Puneet for his advice about the course of action. He nods gravely, ”I’m afraid, Ms. Benita, I think there is only one course we can take.”
What should be Dr. Puneet’s advice?
Let's analyze the options one by one
Choice (A): It does not constitute a course of action to be taken up by Ms. Benita.
Choice (B): Dr. Puneet would not discuss the gravity of the situation unless he is sure about it. The passage indicates that Dr. Puneet is almost sure. The passage states that the test results indicate that Ms. Benita has the disease. The passage does not indicate whether the test that has been done is the first one or not. Hence, this is not a proper course of action.
Choice (C): It is stated that LAM is potentially fatal but not surely fatal. It is also stated that there are some drugs at experiment stage and that lung transplant is one of the options, even though risky. It indicates that there are chances to change the outcome. Hence, (C) is not a proper course of action.
Choice (D):It is improper to treat a patient without telling her/him about the disease for which he/she is being treated. Hence, it is not a proper course of action.
Choice (E): Test results indicate that Mr.Benita is suffering from LAM. The two available cures are medication. Which is at experimental stage and lung transplantation which is risky. Even if successful, she would require constant medical support and treatment. It is appropriate to go for experimental drug first, before taking up risky lung transplantation.
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