CMAT Reading Comprehension Questions

correct answer:-2

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Instruction for set 1:

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow :

What is religion? A very complex question! We know religion and we live religion. But, how do we explain or define religion? Religion is one of the most sensitive and vulnerable aspects of human life from the very beginning. Thought it looks simple, it is not a simple reality to be easily defined or explained. There are many theories proposed regarding the origin of religion as a result of the development of speculative, intellectual and scientific mind. However, in spite of the differences in the under-standing of this important element, it is confirmed that it is purely a human activity and it has become an inevitable aspect of human life. In the West, under the influence of the inherited tradition of Judeo-Christian tradition, religion was understood more theistically while in the East, it was mostly a response to the experience of the natural powers that are beyond human control and also to the inner urge for an ethical and moral reference.

Etymologically, the word 'religion' is derived from the Latin root 'religare' and it means 'to bind fast'. Then 'religion' has certainly a strong emphasis on community aspects. It is something that binds fast the members of it together. When we start thinking seriously on religion , naturally we fall upon thoughts of the definition of religion. There are numberless definitions of religion, The meaning and definition of religion differs according to the socio-cultural and psychological background of the person who reflects upon it. Even the political setting inserts its influence on the understanding of the meaning of religion. Some of the definitions are phenomenological and try to expose the common elements that we see in the acknowledged world religions. For example, the human recognition of a superhuman power entitled to obedience and worship. Some others are interpretative definitions.

correct answer:-4

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Instruction for set 1:

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow :

What is religion? A very complex question! We know religion and we live religion. But, how do we explain or define religion? Religion is one of the most sensitive and vulnerable aspects of human life from the very beginning. Thought it looks simple, it is not a simple reality to be easily defined or explained. There are many theories proposed regarding the origin of religion as a result of the development of speculative, intellectual and scientific mind. However, in spite of the differences in the under-standing of this important element, it is confirmed that it is purely a human activity and it has become an inevitable aspect of human life. In the West, under the influence of the inherited tradition of Judeo-Christian tradition, religion was understood more theistically while in the East, it was mostly a response to the experience of the natural powers that are beyond human control and also to the inner urge for an ethical and moral reference.

Etymologically, the word 'religion' is derived from the Latin root 'religare' and it means 'to bind fast'. Then 'religion' has certainly a strong emphasis on community aspects. It is something that binds fast the members of it together. When we start thinking seriously on religion , naturally we fall upon thoughts of the definition of religion. There are numberless definitions of religion, The meaning and definition of religion differs according to the socio-cultural and psychological background of the person who reflects upon it. Even the political setting inserts its influence on the understanding of the meaning of religion. Some of the definitions are phenomenological and try to expose the common elements that we see in the acknowledged world religions. For example, the human recognition of a superhuman power entitled to obedience and worship. Some others are interpretative definitions.

correct answer:-2

---

Instruction for set 1:

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow :

What is religion? A very complex question! We know religion and we live religion. But, how do we explain or define religion? Religion is one of the most sensitive and vulnerable aspects of human life from the very beginning. Thought it looks simple, it is not a simple reality to be easily defined or explained. There are many theories proposed regarding the origin of religion as a result of the development of speculative, intellectual and scientific mind. However, in spite of the differences in the under-standing of this important element, it is confirmed that it is purely a human activity and it has become an inevitable aspect of human life. In the West, under the influence of the inherited tradition of Judeo-Christian tradition, religion was understood more theistically while in the East, it was mostly a response to the experience of the natural powers that are beyond human control and also to the inner urge for an ethical and moral reference.

Etymologically, the word 'religion' is derived from the Latin root 'religare' and it means 'to bind fast'. Then 'religion' has certainly a strong emphasis on community aspects. It is something that binds fast the members of it together. When we start thinking seriously on religion , naturally we fall upon thoughts of the definition of religion. There are numberless definitions of religion, The meaning and definition of religion differs according to the socio-cultural and psychological background of the person who reflects upon it. Even the political setting inserts its influence on the understanding of the meaning of religion. Some of the definitions are phenomenological and try to expose the common elements that we see in the acknowledged world religions. For example, the human recognition of a superhuman power entitled to obedience and worship. Some others are interpretative definitions.

correct answer:-4

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Instruction for set 1:

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow :

What is religion? A very complex question! We know religion and we live religion. But, how do we explain or define religion? Religion is one of the most sensitive and vulnerable aspects of human life from the very beginning. Thought it looks simple, it is not a simple reality to be easily defined or explained. There are many theories proposed regarding the origin of religion as a result of the development of speculative, intellectual and scientific mind. However, in spite of the differences in the under-standing of this important element, it is confirmed that it is purely a human activity and it has become an inevitable aspect of human life. In the West, under the influence of the inherited tradition of Judeo-Christian tradition, religion was understood more theistically while in the East, it was mostly a response to the experience of the natural powers that are beyond human control and also to the inner urge for an ethical and moral reference.

Etymologically, the word 'religion' is derived from the Latin root 'religare' and it means 'to bind fast'. Then 'religion' has certainly a strong emphasis on community aspects. It is something that binds fast the members of it together. When we start thinking seriously on religion , naturally we fall upon thoughts of the definition of religion. There are numberless definitions of religion, The meaning and definition of religion differs according to the socio-cultural and psychological background of the person who reflects upon it. Even the political setting inserts its influence on the understanding of the meaning of religion. Some of the definitions are phenomenological and try to expose the common elements that we see in the acknowledged world religions. For example, the human recognition of a superhuman power entitled to obedience and worship. Some others are interpretative definitions.

correct answer:-1

Instruction for set 1:

Read the following passage and answer the question that follow:

Urbanization - the demographic shift from country to city - began with industrialization, and it has not let up. In 1900, fewer than 15 percent of the world’s population lived in cities. Fifty years later, that number had doubled to 30 percent of the world’s population of 750 million. By 2000, 2.9 billion people, or 47 percent of the world’s population, were living in urban areas, with the greatest growth occurring in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 2007, for the first time in history, the urban population exceeded 50 percent, and by 2050, according to World Health Organization (WHO), seven out of ten people will call urban areas home….

Contrary to common belief, fewer than 10 percent of urban dwellers are residents of megacities with populations of over ten million. A megacity consists of the city proper and its adjoining suburban centers. An example is the New York-Newark aggregation, which in 1950 was the world’s only megacity; by 2011, it was the sixth largest of 21 megacities. The population of Greater Tokyo, the world’s largest urban area and home to 36.7 million residents, is forecast to exceed 37 million by 2020.Megaciites Mumbai, Delhi, Dhaka, and Lagos, which do not yet appear on the Top Ten list, are steadily moving up the ladder. About half of the world’s urban dwellers live in cities of under half a million people, and these cities continue to outpace megacities in growth.

While the benefits of developed infrastructure, public transportation system, employment opportunities, better health care, and education, plus a wide range of services, make cities the place to live, work, and enjoy, they are plagued with enormous problems. As engines of growth, cities have also become engines of pollution, traffic congestion, waste production, and environmental destruction….

In the 1960s, the concept of urban ecology emerged from the growing awareness of cities’ impact on the environment. In 1975, the nonprofit organization Urban Ecology was founded in Berkeley, California, with the purpose of rebuilding cities in balance with nature. The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro established Agenda 21, a plan for the sustainable development of cities, and in 2002, 1,200 representatives (including 200 slum dwellers) from 80 countries participated in the first World Urban Forum, making urban ecology and sustainable eco-cities based on environment, economy, education, equity more than just a nice idea.

correct answer:-3

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Instruction for set 1:

Read the following passage and answer the question that follow:

Urbanization - the demographic shift from country to city - began with industrialization, and it has not let up. In 1900, fewer than 15 percent of the world’s population lived in cities. Fifty years later, that number had doubled to 30 percent of the world’s population of 750 million. By 2000, 2.9 billion people, or 47 percent of the world’s population, were living in urban areas, with the greatest growth occurring in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 2007, for the first time in history, the urban population exceeded 50 percent, and by 2050, according to World Health Organization (WHO), seven out of ten people will call urban areas home….

Contrary to common belief, fewer than 10 percent of urban dwellers are residents of megacities with populations of over ten million. A megacity consists of the city proper and its adjoining suburban centers. An example is the New York-Newark aggregation, which in 1950 was the world’s only megacity; by 2011, it was the sixth largest of 21 megacities. The population of Greater Tokyo, the world’s largest urban area and home to 36.7 million residents, is forecast to exceed 37 million by 2020.Megaciites Mumbai, Delhi, Dhaka, and Lagos, which do not yet appear on the Top Ten list, are steadily moving up the ladder. About half of the world’s urban dwellers live in cities of under half a million people, and these cities continue to outpace megacities in growth.

While the benefits of developed infrastructure, public transportation system, employment opportunities, better health care, and education, plus a wide range of services, make cities the place to live, work, and enjoy, they are plagued with enormous problems. As engines of growth, cities have also become engines of pollution, traffic congestion, waste production, and environmental destruction….

In the 1960s, the concept of urban ecology emerged from the growing awareness of cities’ impact on the environment. In 1975, the nonprofit organization Urban Ecology was founded in Berkeley, California, with the purpose of rebuilding cities in balance with nature. The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro established Agenda 21, a plan for the sustainable development of cities, and in 2002, 1,200 representatives (including 200 slum dwellers) from 80 countries participated in the first World Urban Forum, making urban ecology and sustainable eco-cities based on environment, economy, education, equity more than just a nice idea.

correct answer:-1

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Instruction for set 1:

Read the following passage and answer the question that follow:

Urbanization - the demographic shift from country to city - began with industrialization, and it has not let up. In 1900, fewer than 15 percent of the world’s population lived in cities. Fifty years later, that number had doubled to 30 percent of the world’s population of 750 million. By 2000, 2.9 billion people, or 47 percent of the world’s population, were living in urban areas, with the greatest growth occurring in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 2007, for the first time in history, the urban population exceeded 50 percent, and by 2050, according to World Health Organization (WHO), seven out of ten people will call urban areas home….

Contrary to common belief, fewer than 10 percent of urban dwellers are residents of megacities with populations of over ten million. A megacity consists of the city proper and its adjoining suburban centers. An example is the New York-Newark aggregation, which in 1950 was the world’s only megacity; by 2011, it was the sixth largest of 21 megacities. The population of Greater Tokyo, the world’s largest urban area and home to 36.7 million residents, is forecast to exceed 37 million by 2020.Megaciites Mumbai, Delhi, Dhaka, and Lagos, which do not yet appear on the Top Ten list, are steadily moving up the ladder. About half of the world’s urban dwellers live in cities of under half a million people, and these cities continue to outpace megacities in growth.

While the benefits of developed infrastructure, public transportation system, employment opportunities, better health care, and education, plus a wide range of services, make cities the place to live, work, and enjoy, they are plagued with enormous problems. As engines of growth, cities have also become engines of pollution, traffic congestion, waste production, and environmental destruction….

In the 1960s, the concept of urban ecology emerged from the growing awareness of cities’ impact on the environment. In 1975, the nonprofit organization Urban Ecology was founded in Berkeley, California, with the purpose of rebuilding cities in balance with nature. The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro established Agenda 21, a plan for the sustainable development of cities, and in 2002, 1,200 representatives (including 200 slum dwellers) from 80 countries participated in the first World Urban Forum, making urban ecology and sustainable eco-cities based on environment, economy, education, equity more than just a nice idea.

correct answer:-2

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Instruction for set 1:

Read the following passage and answer the question that follow:

Urbanization - the demographic shift from country to city - began with industrialization, and it has not let up. In 1900, fewer than 15 percent of the world’s population lived in cities. Fifty years later, that number had doubled to 30 percent of the world’s population of 750 million. By 2000, 2.9 billion people, or 47 percent of the world’s population, were living in urban areas, with the greatest growth occurring in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 2007, for the first time in history, the urban population exceeded 50 percent, and by 2050, according to World Health Organization (WHO), seven out of ten people will call urban areas home….

Contrary to common belief, fewer than 10 percent of urban dwellers are residents of megacities with populations of over ten million. A megacity consists of the city proper and its adjoining suburban centers. An example is the New York-Newark aggregation, which in 1950 was the world’s only megacity; by 2011, it was the sixth largest of 21 megacities. The population of Greater Tokyo, the world’s largest urban area and home to 36.7 million residents, is forecast to exceed 37 million by 2020.Megaciites Mumbai, Delhi, Dhaka, and Lagos, which do not yet appear on the Top Ten list, are steadily moving up the ladder. About half of the world’s urban dwellers live in cities of under half a million people, and these cities continue to outpace megacities in growth.

While the benefits of developed infrastructure, public transportation system, employment opportunities, better health care, and education, plus a wide range of services, make cities the place to live, work, and enjoy, they are plagued with enormous problems. As engines of growth, cities have also become engines of pollution, traffic congestion, waste production, and environmental destruction….

In the 1960s, the concept of urban ecology emerged from the growing awareness of cities’ impact on the environment. In 1975, the nonprofit organization Urban Ecology was founded in Berkeley, California, with the purpose of rebuilding cities in balance with nature. The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro established Agenda 21, a plan for the sustainable development of cities, and in 2002, 1,200 representatives (including 200 slum dwellers) from 80 countries participated in the first World Urban Forum, making urban ecology and sustainable eco-cities based on environment, economy, education, equity more than just a nice idea.

correct answer:-4

correct answer:-2

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Instruction for set 1:

Read the Passage below and answer the question that follows:

Human beings are connected at the level of feeling and emotion: in such a degree that there is practically a subterranean network of the psyche in which some encounters are damaging, some nourishing. This emotional exchange is typically at a subtle. almost imperceptible level. The way a colleague says ‘thank you’ can leave one feeling ignored, resented or genuinely welcomed and appreciated. We catch feelings from one another as though they were some kind of social virus. Every space is full of emotional signals and every time people connect, they transmit and receive those signals. These emotional encounters have an effect on all the people in that particular circle. Those who are socially skillful can control these emotional messages. A civil and polite society is able to regulate and control these emotional relationships in less damaging ways. The Emotional Quotient of a society is the sum total of the emotional intelligence of its citizens. When we compliment others for being considerate, we are actually acknowledging their emotional intelligence. The company of such people is a relaxing experience and they are a valuable and enriching presence in any society. Whether we like it or not, we are all interdependent in terms of our feelings and emotions and our emotional intelligence form the framework of society.

correct answer:-2

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Instruction for set 1:

Read the Passage below and answer the question that follows:

Human beings are connected at the level of feeling and emotion: in such a degree that there is practically a subterranean network of the psyche in which some encounters are damaging, some nourishing. This emotional exchange is typically at a subtle. almost imperceptible level. The way a colleague says ‘thank you’ can leave one feeling ignored, resented or genuinely welcomed and appreciated. We catch feelings from one another as though they were some kind of social virus. Every space is full of emotional signals and every time people connect, they transmit and receive those signals. These emotional encounters have an effect on all the people in that particular circle. Those who are socially skillful can control these emotional messages. A civil and polite society is able to regulate and control these emotional relationships in less damaging ways. The Emotional Quotient of a society is the sum total of the emotional intelligence of its citizens. When we compliment others for being considerate, we are actually acknowledging their emotional intelligence. The company of such people is a relaxing experience and they are a valuable and enriching presence in any society. Whether we like it or not, we are all interdependent in terms of our feelings and emotions and our emotional intelligence form the framework of society.

correct answer:-3

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Instruction for set 2:

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.

Our government has taken/ propose a number of major initiatives during the eleventh Five Year Plan. Some of the new initiative in the school and literacy sector and higher and technical education sector include : right of children to free and compulsory education, launching a Saakshar Bharat, ICT in secondary school and in open and distance learning. evolving a national curriculum framework for teacher education, examination reform in accordance with NCF- 2005, introducing a system of replacement of marks by grades at the secondary stage in school affiliated to CBSE. recommendation of Yash Pal Committee and National Knowledge Commission, establishment of 14 innovation Universities aiming at world class standards, setting up 10 new national institutes of technology. launching of new scheme of interest. subsidy on educational loan taken for professional courses by the economically weaker students, scheme for setting up of 374 model degree colleges in districts, 150 women’s hostels for women of weaker sections and minorities, academic reforms like semester system, choice based credit system, regular revision of syllabi, impetus to research etc.

correct answer:-3

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Instruction for set 2:

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.

Our government has taken/ propose a number of major initiatives during the eleventh Five Year Plan. Some of the new initiative in the school and literacy sector and higher and technical education sector include : right of children to free and compulsory education, launching a Saakshar Bharat, ICT in secondary school and in open and distance learning. evolving a national curriculum framework for teacher education, examination reform in accordance with NCF- 2005, introducing a system of replacement of marks by grades at the secondary stage in school affiliated to CBSE. recommendation of Yash Pal Committee and National Knowledge Commission, establishment of 14 innovation Universities aiming at world class standards, setting up 10 new national institutes of technology. launching of new scheme of interest. subsidy on educational loan taken for professional courses by the economically weaker students, scheme for setting up of 374 model degree colleges in districts, 150 women’s hostels for women of weaker sections and minorities, academic reforms like semester system, choice based credit system, regular revision of syllabi, impetus to research etc.

correct answer:-2

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Instruction for set 2:

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.

Our government has taken/ propose a number of major initiatives during the eleventh Five Year Plan. Some of the new initiative in the school and literacy sector and higher and technical education sector include : right of children to free and compulsory education, launching a Saakshar Bharat, ICT in secondary school and in open and distance learning. evolving a national curriculum framework for teacher education, examination reform in accordance with NCF- 2005, introducing a system of replacement of marks by grades at the secondary stage in school affiliated to CBSE. recommendation of Yash Pal Committee and National Knowledge Commission, establishment of 14 innovation Universities aiming at world class standards, setting up 10 new national institutes of technology. launching of new scheme of interest. subsidy on educational loan taken for professional courses by the economically weaker students, scheme for setting up of 374 model degree colleges in districts, 150 women’s hostels for women of weaker sections and minorities, academic reforms like semester system, choice based credit system, regular revision of syllabi, impetus to research etc.

correct answer:-4

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Instruction for set 2:

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.

Our government has taken/ propose a number of major initiatives during the eleventh Five Year Plan. Some of the new initiative in the school and literacy sector and higher and technical education sector include : right of children to free and compulsory education, launching a Saakshar Bharat, ICT in secondary school and in open and distance learning. evolving a national curriculum framework for teacher education, examination reform in accordance with NCF- 2005, introducing a system of replacement of marks by grades at the secondary stage in school affiliated to CBSE. recommendation of Yash Pal Committee and National Knowledge Commission, establishment of 14 innovation Universities aiming at world class standards, setting up 10 new national institutes of technology. launching of new scheme of interest. subsidy on educational loan taken for professional courses by the economically weaker students, scheme for setting up of 374 model degree colleges in districts, 150 women’s hostels for women of weaker sections and minorities, academic reforms like semester system, choice based credit system, regular revision of syllabi, impetus to research etc.

correct answer:-1

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Instruction for set 3:

Read the passage and answerthe question thatfollows:

The human body is nothing but a set of chemical reactions in some form or the other. The religious scriptures believe that man was made out of the image of the creator of the universe. Does this mean that Oxygen was pumped into the human body and carbon dioxide pumped out to create this being? Is life just the process of oxygenation and decarburization? If the human body is managed by these two processes, then we can safely believe that life came into existence due to these chemical reactions. The highly complex chemicals compounds present in the human body are not evident in lower animals or plants. These substances were born because of the synthesis of other smaller molecules.

A large number of recognized chemicals has been observed and provedto be involved in the transmission of impulses from one tissue or cell to another. Some examples of such chemicals are adrenaline, dopamine, acetylcholine, endorphins and encephalin. The increase or decrease of any one of these chemicals, interferes with the normal functioning of cells and tissues. This creates diseases in the body, and the restoration of their supply cures the diseases. The deficiency of acetylcholine leads to Alzheimer’s disease, while a decrease in dopamine leads to Parkinson’s disease and its increase causes schizophrenia, a mental disorder. Endorphins and encephalon work like a drug to produce sensations like pleasure and reduce pain. In depressed persons, lower levels of serotonin and adrenaline are observed. Exercise and meditation help release endorphins in order to produce a scene of calmness and pleasure. As for love, the brain releases a chemical substance called phenyl ethylene which acts like an amphetamineto increase mental alertness and physical energy. People with low levels of these chemicals develop a craving for foods such as chocolates, which are rich in such compounds.

correct answer:-4

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Instruction for set 3:

Read the passage and answerthe question thatfollows:

The human body is nothing but a set of chemical reactions in some form or the other. The religious scriptures believe that man was made out of the image of the creator of the universe. Does this mean that Oxygen was pumped into the human body and carbon dioxide pumped out to create this being? Is life just the process of oxygenation and decarburization? If the human body is managed by these two processes, then we can safely believe that life came into existence due to these chemical reactions. The highly complex chemicals compounds present in the human body are not evident in lower animals or plants. These substances were born because of the synthesis of other smaller molecules.

A large number of recognized chemicals has been observed and provedto be involved in the transmission of impulses from one tissue or cell to another. Some examples of such chemicals are adrenaline, dopamine, acetylcholine, endorphins and encephalin. The increase or decrease of any one of these chemicals, interferes with the normal functioning of cells and tissues. This creates diseases in the body, and the restoration of their supply cures the diseases. The deficiency of acetylcholine leads to Alzheimer’s disease, while a decrease in dopamine leads to Parkinson’s disease and its increase causes schizophrenia, a mental disorder. Endorphins and encephalon work like a drug to produce sensations like pleasure and reduce pain. In depressed persons, lower levels of serotonin and adrenaline are observed. Exercise and meditation help release endorphins in order to produce a scene of calmness and pleasure. As for love, the brain releases a chemical substance called phenyl ethylene which acts like an amphetamineto increase mental alertness and physical energy. People with low levels of these chemicals develop a craving for foods such as chocolates, which are rich in such compounds.

correct answer:-2

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Instruction for set 3:

Read the passage and answerthe question thatfollows:

The human body is nothing but a set of chemical reactions in some form or the other. The religious scriptures believe that man was made out of the image of the creator of the universe. Does this mean that Oxygen was pumped into the human body and carbon dioxide pumped out to create this being? Is life just the process of oxygenation and decarburization? If the human body is managed by these two processes, then we can safely believe that life came into existence due to these chemical reactions. The highly complex chemicals compounds present in the human body are not evident in lower animals or plants. These substances were born because of the synthesis of other smaller molecules.

A large number of recognized chemicals has been observed and provedto be involved in the transmission of impulses from one tissue or cell to another. Some examples of such chemicals are adrenaline, dopamine, acetylcholine, endorphins and encephalin. The increase or decrease of any one of these chemicals, interferes with the normal functioning of cells and tissues. This creates diseases in the body, and the restoration of their supply cures the diseases. The deficiency of acetylcholine leads to Alzheimer’s disease, while a decrease in dopamine leads to Parkinson’s disease and its increase causes schizophrenia, a mental disorder. Endorphins and encephalon work like a drug to produce sensations like pleasure and reduce pain. In depressed persons, lower levels of serotonin and adrenaline are observed. Exercise and meditation help release endorphins in order to produce a scene of calmness and pleasure. As for love, the brain releases a chemical substance called phenyl ethylene which acts like an amphetamineto increase mental alertness and physical energy. People with low levels of these chemicals develop a craving for foods such as chocolates, which are rich in such compounds.

correct answer:-1

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Instruction for set 4:

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.

Philosophy of Education is a label applied to the study of the purpose, process, nature and ideals of education. It can be considered a branch of both philosophy and education. Education can be defined as the teaching and learning of specific skills and imparting of knowledge, judgment and wisdom, is something broader than the societal institution of education we often speak of.

Many educationalists consider it a weak and woolly field, too far removed from the practical applications of the real world to be useful. But philosophers dating back to Plato and the Ancient Greeks have given the area much thought and emphasis, and there is little doubt that their work has helped shape the practice of education over the millennia.

Plato is the earliest important educational thinker, and education is an essential element in "The Republic" (his most important work on philosophy and political theory, written around 360 B.C.). In it, he advocates some rather extreme methods: removing children from their mothers' care and raising them as wards of the state, and differentiating children suitable to the various castes, the highest receiving the most education, so that they could act as guardians of the city and care for the less able. He believed that education should be holistic, including facts, skills, physical discipline, music and art. Plato believed that talent and intelligence is not distributed genetically and thus is be found in children born to all classes, although his proposed system of selective public education for an educated minority of the population does not really follow a democratic model.

Aristotle considered human nature, habit and reason to be equally important forces to be cultivated in education, the ultimate aim of which should be to produce good and virtuous citizens. He proposed that teachers lead their students systematically, and that repetition be used as a key tool to develop good habits, unlike Socrates’ emphasis on questioning his listeners to bring out their own ideas. He emphasized the balancing of the theoretical and practical aspects of subjects taught, among which he explicitly mentions reading, writing, mathematics, music, physical education,literature, history, and a wide range of sciences, as well as play, which he also considered important.

During the Medieval period, the idea of Perennialism was first formulated by St. Thomas Aquinas in his work "De Magistro". Perennialism holds that one should teach those things deemed to be of everlasting importance to all people everywhere, namely principles and reasoning, not just facts (which are apt to change over time), and that one should teach first about people, not machines or techniques. It was originally religious in nature, and it was only much later that a theory of secular perennialism developed.

correct answer:-1