The writer decided to go to university and study Zoology because
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My Love of Nature, goes right back to my childhood, to the times when I stayed on my grandparents' farm in Suffolk. My father was in the armed forces, so we were always moving and didn't have a home base for any length of time, but I loved going there. I think it was my grandmother who encouraged me more than anyone: she taught me the names of wild flowers and got me interested in looking at the countryside, so it seemed obvious to go on to do Zoology at University.
I didn't get my first camera until after I'd graduated, when I was due to go diving in Norway and needed a method of recording the sea creatures I would find there. My father didn't know anything about photography, but he bought me an Exacta, which was really quite a good camera for the time, and I went off to take my first pictures of sea anemones and starfish. I became keen very quickly, and learned how to develop and print; obviously I didn't have much money in those days, so I did more black and white photography than colour, but it was all still using the camera very much as a tool to record what I found both by diving and on the shore. I had no ambition at all to be a photographer then, or even for some years afterwards.
Unlike many of the wildlife photographers of the time, I trained as a scientist and therefore my way of expressing myself is very different. I've tried from the beginning to produce pictures which are always biologically correct. There are people who will alter things deliberately: you don't pick up sea creatures from the middle of the shore and take them down to attractive pools at the bottom of the shore without knowing you're doing it. In so doing you're actually falsifying the sort of seaweeds they live on and so on, which may seem unimportant, but it is actually changing the natural surroundings to make them prettier. Unfortunately, many of the people who select pictures are looking for attractive images and, at the end of the day, whether it's truthful or not doesn't really matter to them.
It's important to think about the animal first, and there are many occasions when I've not taken a picture because it would have been too disturbing. Nothing is so important that you have to get that shot; of course, there are cases when it would be very sad if you didn't, but it's not the end of the world. There can be a lot of ignorance in people's behaviour towards wild animals and it's a problem that more and more people are going to wild places: while some animals may get used to cars, they won't get used to people suddenly rushing up to them. The sheer pressure of people, coupled with the fact that here are increasingly fewer places where no-one else has photographed, means that over the years, life has become much more difficult for the professional wildlife photographer.
Nevertheless, wildlife photographs play a very important part in educating people about what is out there and what needs conserving. Although photography can be an enjoyable pastime, as it is to many people, it is also something that plays a very important part in educating young and old alike. Of the qualities it takes to make a good wildlife photographer, patience is perhaps the most obvious - you just have to be prepared to sit it out. I'm actually more patient now because I write more than ever before, and as long as I've got a bit of paper and a pencil, I don't feel I'm wasting my time. And because I photograph such a wide range of things, even if the main target doesn't appear I can probably find something else to concentrate on instead.
The writer decided to go to university and study Zoology because
Why did she get her first camera?
She did more black and white photography than colour because
How is she different from some of the other wildlife photographers she meets?
Which does 'them' refer to in the 8th line in paragraph 3?
What the writer means by ‘ignorance in people’s behaviour' is
The writer now finds it more difficult to photograph wild animals because
Wildlife photography is important because it can make people realise that
Why is she more patient now?
Which of the following describes the writer?
Three of the four words given below are spelt wrongly. Select the word that is spelt correctly.
Select the best option from the four alternatives given and answer the questions.
They live on a busy road. ____ a lot of noise from the traffic.
The more electricity you use,
Ben likes walking. _
Its two years _ Sophy.
What was the problem? Why _______leave early?
Nobody believed Arun at first, but he to be right.
We can’t making a decision. We have to decide now.
The accident was my fault, so I had to pay for the damage the other car.
I really object people smoking in my house.
A contract may be if the court finds there has been misinterpretation of the facts.
The five paragraphs given below have all had their constituent sentences jumbled. Read each jumbled passage carefully and then pick the option in which the best sequence is shown.
UNIT I
(i) The Supertag scanner could revolutionise the way people shop, virtually eradicating supermarket queues.
(ii) The face of retailing will change even more rapidly when the fibre optic networks being built by cable TV companies begin to be more widely used.
(iii) The scanner would have a double benefit for supermarkets removing the bottleneck which causes frustration to most customers and reducing the number of checkout staff.
(iv) An electronic scanner which can read the entire contents of a supermarket trolley at a glance has just been developed.
The best sequence is:
UNIT II
(i) Of course, modern postal services now are much more sophisticated and faster, relying as they do on motor vehicles and planes for delivery.
(ii) Indeed, the ancient Egyptians had a system for sending letters from about 2000 BC, as did the Zhou dynasty in China a thousand years later.
(iii) Letters, were, and are, sent by some form of postal service, the history of which goes back a long way.
(iv) For centuries, the only form of written correspondence was the letter.
The best sequence is:
UNIT III
(i) Converting money into several currencies in the course of one trip can also be quite expensive, given that banks and bureaux de change charge commission on the transaction.
(ii) Trying to work out the value of the various notes and coins can be quite a strain, particularly if you are visiting more than one country.
(iii) Travel can be very exciting, but it can also be rather complicated.
(iv) One of these complications is, undoubtedly, foreign currency.
The best sequence is:
UNIT IV
(i) She was right about three - curiosity, freckles, and doubt - but wrong about love.
(ii) "Four of the things I'd be better without: Love, curiosity, freckles, and doubt."
(iii) Love is indispensable in life.
(iv) So wrote Dorothy Parker, the American writer.
The best sequence is:
UNIT-V
(i) This clearly indicates that the brains of men and women are organised differently in the way they process speech.
(ii) Difference in the way men and women process language is of special interest to brain researchers.
(iii) However, women are more likely than men to suffer aphasia when the front part of the brain is damaged.
(iv) It has been known that aphasia - a kind of speech disorder - is more common in men than in women when the left side of the brain is damaged in an accident or after a stroke.
The best sequence is:
Given below are five lists of words followed by some choices. In each case, choose the alternative that you can combine with every word in that particular list to form a familiar word phrase.
Down, aside, about, forth
Over, about, after, at
Forward, across, around, upon
In, down, for, out
Away, through, up, down
Given below are a few foreign language phrases that are commonly used. Choose the correct meaning for each of the phrases.
Prima facie
Sine die
Bona fide
Status quo
De jure
The Supreme Court of India upheld the decision to implement the quota for other backward classes (OBCs) in higher educational institutions. The court, however, excluded the "creamy layer" from being a beneficiary. The reason is
Hegde fund is a fund
What does strong Rupee as against the dollar mean to India?
Name the latest State which declared independence in 2011
Name the Finance Minister who presented the highest number of Budgets in the Parliament so far.
Who is the Chairman of 14th Finance Commission constituted in 2012?
Indo-U.S. nuclear deal was opposed in Parliament mainly because
The Indian industrialist who bought Tipu Sultan's sword in an auction in London was
The contentious Baglihar dam is built on the river
Which country has its richest man as the head of the Government?
Who is the person known as the Father of Modern Indian Retail Trade?
The largest software service company in Asia is
Taikonaut means
The CEO of Microsoft Corporation is
The country which stands for Gross National Happiness in contradistinction to Gross National Product
The highest paid head of the government in the world at present is in
The current impasse in Doha Round of Negotiations is centred around
The phenomenon called "Equinox" is due to the
The Director-General of the World Trade Organization is
Capital account convertibility signifies
The purpose of Kyoto-Protocol is
What do carbon credits signify?
The practice of selling goods in a foreign country at a price below their domestic selling price is called
Which of the following is considered as bulwark of personal freedom?
Vande Mataram is composed by
How many minutes for each degree of longitude does the local time of any place vary from the Greenwich time?
Article 1 of Indian Constitution define India as
Which is the highest body that approves Five Year Plans in India?
The economist who for the first time scientifically determined national income in India
Which of the following is the largest peninsula in the world?
The person responsible for economic model for Indian Planning
Social Forestry aims at
The Great Barrier Reef refers to
A nautical mile is equal to
Which of the following is concerned with land forms?
The country known as the Land of Midnight Sun
The monk who spread Buddhism in Tibet and Far-East
TRIPs, forming part of the World Trade Organization is intended
Carbon dating method is used to determine the age of
The Managing Director of Delhi Metropolitan Railway Corporation
18 carat gold signifies
Durban Road map adopted in December 2011 provides for
Enriched uranium, used in a nuclear reactor, is
The scientist responsible for developing atomic energy in India
Salwa Judutn practised in certain places in India refers to
Who won Ramon Magsaysay award in 2013
The person who won Jawaharlal Nehru award in 2009
Free Trade Area means
Affirmative action in Indian context signifies
Special Economic zones are
The space shuttle which successfully carried Sunita Williams to space in 2012
The leader who led the country in atoning for the past wrongs
Gandhiji expounded his economic ideas in
Bio-fuels have become controversial because
Evergreening of patents means
By signing which pact with Gandhiji did Ambedkar give up his demand for separate electorates?
India earns maximum foreign exchange from the export of
Sunita Williams, renowned astronaut of Indian origin, spent a record of days in space
The second biggest greenhouse gas emitter (after the USA) in the world is
The author of the management principle 'In a hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence'
The World Trade Organization was earlier known as
The "wailing wall" is associated with
An Education Minister who got Bharata Ratna in India
Why is Ozone Layer important?
The World's largest river is
Tsunami is caused by
The Chipko movement is associated with
The first Great Indian Empire was
The first President of Indian National Congress
The King who gave permission to establish East India Company in India
The person who conceptualized the idea of Pakistan
Khilafat movement was organized
The pattern of Centre-State relations in India can be traced back to
Indian who played a very important role in World Communist Movement?
Who was the first recipient of Jnanapith award?
Name the winner of 2013 Nobel Prize for Literature
Plea bargaining is
The person appointed by two parties to settle a dispute is known as
Right to travel is a fundamental right under
Genetically modified seeds have become controversial mainly because of
Legal aid for an accused is
The members of Constituent Assembly who framed the Constitution were
Ambedkar acted in Constituent Assembly as
In India, international treaties are ratified by
It is a constitutional requirement that the Parliament shall meet at least
Governor of a State can be removed by
Sovereignty under the Constitution belongs to
The Supreme Court upheld Mandal commission report in
Under our Constitution, right to property is
The Chairman of Sixth Pay Commission
Right to education emanates from
International Court of Justice is
The Liberhan Commission which received repeated extensions has been inquiring into
The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act was repealed by
Only Judge against whom a motion of impeachment was introduced into Parliament
The Mallimath Committee Report deals with
The first Woman Chief Justice of High Court in India
Lok Adalats have been created under
Recent Nepal elections are globally significant because
The Third World leader who has been defying the U.S.A.
From the four answers given, Select the appropriate answer.
Raju earns twice as much in March as in each of the other months of the year. What part of his annual earnings he earns in that month?
Sanjay sold his watch for Rs. 1140 and thereby loses 5%. In order to gain 5% he has to sell the watch for 18.
A mixture of 40 litres of milk and water contains 10% of water. How much water is to be added to the mixture so that the water may be 20% in the new mixture.
A train 100 metres long running at 54 km/hr takes 20 seconds to pass a bridge. The length of the bridge is
Sameer is as much younger to Mohan as he is older to Arun. If the sum of the ages of Mohan and Arun is 48, the age of Sameer is
A tank can be filled up by two pipes A and B in 2 hours and 3 hours respectively. A third pipe C can empty the full tank in 6 hours. If all the taps can be turned on at the same time, the tank will be full in
Of the three numbers, the first is one-third of the second and twice the third. The average of these numbers is 27. The largest of these numbers is
The length of a square is increased by 15% and breadth decreased by 15%. The area of the rectangle so formed
The ratio of milk and water in 60 litres of adulterated milk is 2 : 1. If the ratio of milk and water is to be 1 : 2, then the amount of water to be added further is
A piece of cloth costs Rs. 70. If the piece is 4 metre longer and each metre costs Rs. 2 less, the cost remains unchanged. The length of the piece is
Read carefully the questions and shade the appropriate answer.
A college received fifty applications for a certain course. In the qualifying examination, one-tenth of them secured marks in 90-95% range. Within remaining segment, three-fifths of them secured marks in 75-90% range. The rest secured below 75%. To get admission, the following restrictions hold good:
(i) No student who has scored below 75% can seek admission to Physics course.
(ii) No student is allowed to opt Physics without opting Mathematics.
(iii) No student is allowed to opt Physics and Astrophysics simultaneously.
(iv) To opt Mathematics or Astrophysics, a student should have scored at least 70% in the qualifying examination. Which one of the following alternatives is possible?
A tourist can tour utmost four places out of A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Out of four, not more than two can come under holiday tour and at least two must come under business trip. The break up is as follows: A, B, C and D - Business tour; E, F and G - Holiday tour. The following restrictions hold good.
(A) If A is included, then both C and G are excluded.
(B) If neither E nor F is included, then B or G or both of them can be included.
(C) If G is included, then D cannot be included.
Which one of the following combinations is possible?
Under the same fact situation as above, suppose that the following restrictions hold good:
(A) A can be included provided C is included.
(B) E is included provided B or G included but not both.
(C) C can be included provided at least D or F is excluded.
Which one of the following is a certainty?
A, B, C and F Four members have to be nominated to a Committee and there are six candidates: A, B, C, D, E and F. The following restrictions hold good:
(A) If A is nominated, then D does not find any place.
(B) If B is nominated, then either E or F has to be nominated, but not both.
(C) If C is nominated, then both D and E have to be nominated.
Which one of the following is an acceptable combination?
Political turmoil in a country is mainly caused by widespread violence and flawed economic policies of successive governments. If at all this has to be crushed, it can be achieved only by a dictatorial government which rules with iron hand. Therefore, the need of the hour is to elect a government which imposes fresh set of stringent legislations. The alternatives suggested (not necessarily all), if true, considerably weaken the argument. However, one of them is most forceful. Identify the same.
Under the same fact situation as above, the alternatives suggested (not necessarily all), if true, significantly strengthen the argument. However, one of them is most forceful. Identify the same.
Exploitation of poor by rich can be stemmed only if the State exercises complete control over agriculture and industrial production. But State control is beset by two evils; corruption and delay. The net result is that if man tries to escape from one evil, then he is trapped by another. Suffering, hence, is inescapable. The argument presented above seems to imply the following conclusions. Identify the one which is least dubious. Apply common sense.
That the human soul is immaterial is an undisputed fact. Significantly, what is not matter is not spatial and consequently, it is not vulnerable to motion. Evidently, no motion no dissolution. What escapes from dissolution is also free from corruptibility. Therefore, the human soul is immortal. In this argument, one premise is missing. Complete the argument by choosing from the following:
Under the same fact situation as above, which one of the following, if true, affects seriously the argument presented above?
Protagonists of human rights vehemently oppose capital punishment. Their opposition stems mainly from three reasons. Firstly, man cannot terminate what he cannot generate. Secondly, the function of punishment is to reform the culprit. Thirdly, a culprit should be given an opportunity to repent. Admittedly, death penalty fails on all three counts. However, the defenders argue that a person is punished because he has to pay for his deeds. Reformation or repentance, according to them, is peripheral. Hence, death penalty is admissible.
Which one of the following is the focus of this debate?
Since Venus rotates slowly, Fred Whipple thought that like Mercury, Venus keeps one face always towards the Sun. If so, he said that the dark side would be very cold. However, he knew with the help of earlier study carried out by Petit and Nicholson that it was not the case. So, he concluded that the planet must rotate fairly often to keep the darker side warmer. Which of the following is the original premise?
Before formulating the laws of motion, Galileo distinguished between mathematical study and empirical study. He, first, theoretically derived the relation between distances and times for uniformly accelerating motion by letting the bail roll a quarter, then half, then two-thirds and so on of the length of the groove and then measured the times on each occasion, which he repeated hundred times. He calculated, based on this study, that the distance travelled equalled the square of the time on all occasions.
Which one of the following characterizes Galileo's method?
Read carefully a brief summary of one of the investigations of Sherlock Holmes: "While investigating the murders of Stangerson and Enoch Drebber he got into conversation with fellow detectives which runs as follows: "The last link. My case is complete.... Could you lay your hands upon those pills". After he got those pills, Holmes cut one of them, dissolved it in water and placed it in front of the terrier. Contrary to his expectations, the animal survived. Though disappointed a bit, he thought for a while and then cut the other pill, dissolved
it, added milk and placed before the animal. The moment it licked, the animal died. Those were the pills present at the scenes of crime.
Which one of the following aptly describes the method which this passage indicates?
There has been much speculation concerning the origin of lunar craters. One hypothesis is that they are the results of the impact of heavy meteors on the surface of the moon while still soft. The most probable explanation is that they were produced by the gases liberated from the rocky matter. "While solidification was taking place these gases and water vapours steadily escaped through viscous surface, raising giant bubbles". The reader can easily visualize the process that took place by watching frying of pancakes and noticing the formation of bubbles and craters on their surface. Which one of the following actually helps us to determine the origin of lunar craters?
'Perhaps the earliest work of Archimedes that we have is that on planet Equilibrium. In this, some fundamental principles of mechanics are set forth as rigorous geometric propositions. The work opens with famous postulate 'Equal weights at equal distances are in equilibrium; equal weights at unequal distances are not in equilibrium, but incline toward the weight at the greater distance'. According to this passage, which factor or factors determine equilibrium?
According to the above passage, which one of the following values can be assigned to the statement "inequal weights at equal distances are in disequilibrium"?
According to the above passage, which one of the following values can be assigned to the statement "inequal weights at inequal distances are in disequilibrium"?
Gregor Mendel in examining tea-plants found two sharply marked races, the tall and the short. He experimentally fertilized flowers of tall plants with pollen of short. The off spring were tall plants. He next let the flowers of this first generation be fertilized with their own pollen. In the following generation, shortness reappeared. Tallness and shortness were distributed not at random but in a definite, constant, and simple ratio: three dominant tails to one recessive short.
Which one of the following aptly describes the distribution of dominant and recessive characteristics?
It is said that in his strongly worded reaction to quantum Physics, Einstein remarks 'God does not play dice' to which Bohr, another great physicist, reacted saying 'Do not tell God what to do'. Bohr, earlier had argued that we can never know what the properties of an isolated quantum system are, though we can know the properties of macrocosmic objects.
Which one of the following is the focus of their debate?
An efficient and diesel-independent public transport system is essential to the economic development of nation. Suppose that the government adopts a policy to that effect then there is another favourable result. The pollution of environment is reduced to a greater extent. But, then it has two-pronged backlash. The sale and consequently the production of two and four wheelers reduce to the minimum which in turn render a large number of people jobless. Cash flow to the treasury also is adversely affected. Such a step, therefore, is self-defeating unless the government evolves a counter-strategy to nullify the adverse effects.
Which one of the following accurately projects the opinion of an imaginary speaker or author, as the case may be, of this passage?
A moot question to be considered is whether democratic form of government is a boon or bane, no matter what Lincoln might or might not have said. Rather his most (in?) famous adage, Try the people, for the people and of the people' misses the most pertinent question; which attitude works behind when a person declares that he is a (or the right?) candidate to serve the people, and does not hesitate to contest and fight tooth and nail the election, an euphemism for battle with or without bullets. Admittedly, the covert attitude is different
from overt attitude. Hardly anyone contests the election unwillingly. A contestant is not persuaded by any one, but driven by his own passions and dubious motives. Contrast this picture with Socrates' version; no honest man willingly takes up the job of ruler. If at all he accepts, he does so for fear of being ruled by one made up of inferior mettle. It is beyond even the wildest imagination, to expect an honest person to contest the election. Assuming that every statement is true, identify from among the given alternatives the one which strictly follows from the passage.
According to the above passage, which one of the following correctly differentiates Lincoln's and Socrates' analyses?
Many environmentalists either adopt double standard or do not know what they are talking about. A protagonist of environment, for obvious reasons, ought not to bat for any type of progress because progress without meddling with nature is a myth. But none can live without scientific and technological advance which has singularly made progress possible. Furthermore, environment includes not just forest wealth and hills, but animal wealth also. An honest environmentalist is obliged to address the following questions. First, should man in the interest of hygiene, kill any living being be it an insect purported to be harmful or stray dogs? After all, this world does not belong to man alone. Which one of the following runs counter to the spirit of the passage?
Does our society need reservation in job? Before we defend reservation, we must consider some issues. Why do we need reservation? Obviously, reservation is required to lift the downtrodden and thereby achieve equality, how do you achieve this? Every individual, without exception, has a right to receive quality education. It is more so in the case of downtrodden people. Only a good-natured meritorious teacher can impart quality education. Suppose that a person who is neither good natured nor meritorious becomes a teacher thanks to reservation system then generations of students suffer. Suppose that there is some merit in this argument. Then which of the following aptly describes the fall-out of this argument?
Under the same fact situation as above, which one of the following helps you to circumvent the situation?
Each question contains some basic principles and fact situation in which these basic principles have to be applied. A list of probable decisions and reasons are given. You have to choose a decision with reasons specified by shading the appropriate answer in the space provided for it on the OMR answer sheet.
PRINCIPLES:
(1) On the death of husband, the widow shall inherit the property of her deceased husband along with children equally.
(2) A widow cannot claim the property of the deceased if on the date when the question of succession opens, she has re-married.
(3) A female acquiring property in any way has the absolute title to the property.
FACTS: When Sudhir died, he had 1/3rd share of the family property, which the three brothers Rudhir, Sudhir and Yasu inherited from their father, B. Sudhir died on September 23rd, 2006 without having any issue. The widow of Sudhir, Ms. Win re-married on January 1, 2007. Rudhir and Yasu refused 'Win' the share from Sudhir's portion when Win claimed the entire property
belonging to Sudhir on January 30, Select your decision from the possible decisions given in list I and the appropriate reason from the indicated reasons given in list II given below:
List I - Decisions:
(a) Win cannot inherit the property of Sudhir.
(b) Win can inherit the property of Sudhir.
List II - Reasons:
i. Win does not belong to the family.
ii. Win was re-married.
iii. Her claim was on the date of sudhir’s death.
iv. Her claim was submitted after she was re-married.
Your decision and reason
Shade the right decision with reason from the following
PRINCIPLES:
(1) If a person commits an act by which death is caused to another person and the act is done with the intention of causing death, that person is liable for murder.
(2) A person has a right of self defence to the extent of causing death to another provided he apprehends death by the act of the latter.
FACTS: Shuva went to a hardware shop owned by Anup. Bargaining on some item led to altercation between the two and Shuva picked up a sharp object and hit at Anup. When Anup started bleeding, his wife Mridula intervened and she was also hit by Shuva and she became unconscious. Finding himself totally cornered, Anup delivered a severe blow to Shuva with a sharp object, Shuva died instantly.
Possible Decisions
(a) Anup murdered Shuva.
(b) Anup killed Shuva with the intention of killing to save himself and his wife.
(c) Anup killed Shuva without any intention to do so just to save himself and his wife.
Probable Reasons for the decision
(i) If a person kills another instantly on the spot, the intention to kill is obvious.
(ii) Anup used force apprehending death of himself and his wife.
(iii) Anup used disproportionate force.
(iv) There was nothing to show that Shuva wanted to kill Anup or his wife.
Your decision with the reason
PRINCIPLES:
(1) Consumable goods which are not fit for consumption are not marketable.
(2) A consumer shall not suffer on account of unmarketable goods.
(3) A seller is liable for knowingly selling unmarketable goods.
(4) A manufacturer shall be liable for the quality of his products.
FACTS: Ram bought a Coca Cola bottle from Shama's shop. Back at home, the server opened the bottle and poured the drink into the glasses of Ram and his friend Tom. As Tom started drinking, he felt irritation in his throat. Immediately, Ram and Tom took the sample to test and found nitric acid in the content. Ram filed a suit against Shama, Coca Cola Company and the bottler, Kishen and Co.
Suggested Decisions
(a) Ram cannot get compensation.
(b) Tom can get compensation.
(c) Both Ram and Tom can get compensation.
Suggested Reasons
(i) Shama did not know the contents of sealed bottle.
(ii) Ram did not actually suffer though he bought the bottle.
(iii) Tom did not buy the bottle.
(iv) Coca Cola Company is responsible since it supplied the concentrate.
(v) Kishen & Co, is responsible since it added water, sugar, etc., and sealed the bottle.
(vi) Shama is responsible for selling the defective product.
Your decision with the reason
PRINCIPLES:
(1) If A is asked to do something by B, B is responsible for the act, not A.
(2) If A, while acting for B commits a wrong, A is responsible for the wrong, not B.
(3) If A is authorised to do something for B, but in the name of A without disclosing B's presence, both A and B may be held liable.
FACTS: Somu contracted with Amar where under Amar would buy a pump set to be used in Somu's farm. Such a pump set was in short supply in the market. Gulab, a dealer, had such a pump set and he refused to sell it to Amar. Amar threatened Gulab of serious consequences if he fails to part with the pump set. Gulab filed a complaint against Amar.
Proposed Decisions
(a) Amar alone is liable for the wrong though he acted for Somu.
(b) Amar is not liable for the wrong, though he is bound by the contract with
Somu.
(c) Somu is bound by the contract and liable for the wrong.
(d) Both Somu and Amar are liable for the wrong.
Suggested Reasons
(i) Amar committed the wrong while acting for the benefit of Somu.
(ii) Amar cannot do while acting for Somu something which he cannot do while acting for himself.
(iii) Both Amar and Somu are liable since they are bound by the contract.
(iv) Somu has to be responsible for the act of Amar committed for Somu's benefit.
Your decision with the reason
PRINCIPLES:
(1) The owner of a land has absolute interest on the property including the contents over and under the property.
(2) Water flowing below your land is not yours though you can use it.
(3) Any construction on your land belongs to you.
(4) All mineral resources below the land belong to the State.
FACTS: There is a subterranean water flow under Suresh's land surface. Suresh constructed a huge reservoir and drew all subterranean water to the reservoir. As a result, the wells of all adjacent property owners have gone dry. They demanded that either Suresh must demolish the reservoir or share the reservoir water with them.
Proposed Decisions
(a) Suresh need not demolish the reservoir.
(b) Suresh has to demolish the reservoir.
(c) Suresh has to share the water with his neighbours.
(d) The Government can take over the reservoir.
Possible Reasons
(i) Water cannot be captured by one person for his personal use.
(ii) The Government must ensure equitable distribution of water.
(iii) Whatever is under Suresh's land may be used by him.
(iv) Suresh has to respect the rights of others regarding water.
Your decision with the reason
PRINCIPLES:
(1) An employer shall be liable for the wrongs committed by his employees in the course of employment.
(2) Third parties must exercise reasonable care to find out whether a person is actually acting in the course of employment.
FACTS: Nandan was appointed by Syndicate Bank to collect small savings from its customers spread over in different places on daily basis. Nagamma, a housemaid, was one of such customers making use of Nandan's service. Syndicate Bank, after a couple of years, terminated Nandan's service. Nagamma, unaware of this fact, was handing over her savings to Nandan who misappropriated them. Nagamma realised this nearly after three months, when she went to the Bank to withdraw money. She filed a complaint against the Bank.
Possible Decisions
(a) Syndicate Bank shall be liable to compensate Nagamma.
(b) Syndicate Bank shall not be liable to compensate Nagamma.
(c) Nagamma has to blame herself for her negligence.
Possible Reasons
(i) Nandan was not acting in the course of employment after the termination of his service.
(ii) A person cannot blame others for his own negligence.
(iii) Nagamma was entitled to be informed by the Bank about Nandan.
(iv) The Bank is entitled to expect its customers to know actual position.
Your decision with the reason
PRINCIPLES:
(1) A master shallbe liable for the fraudulent act of his servants committed in the course of employment.
(2) Whether an act is committed in the course of employment has to be judged in the context of the case.
(3) Both master and third parties must exercise reasonable care in this regard.
FACTS: Rama Bhai was an uneducated widow and she opened an S.B. account with Syndicate Bank with the help of her nephew by name Keshav who was at that time working as a clerk in the Bank. Keshav used to deposit the money of Rama Bhai from time to time and get the entries done in the passbook. After a year or so, Keshav was dismissed from the service by the Bank. Being unaware of this fact, Rama Bhai continued to hand over her savings to him and Keshav misappropriated them. Rama Bhai realised this only when Keshav disappeared from the scene one day and she sought compensation from the Bank.
Possible Decisions
(a) Syndicate Bank shall be liable to compensate Rama Bhai.
(b) Syndicate Bank shall not be liable to compensate Rama Bhai.
(c) Rama Bhai cannot blame others for her negligence.
Possible Reasons
(i) Keshav was not an employee of the Bank when the fraud was committed.
(ii) The Bank was not aware of the special arrangement between Rama Bhai and
Keshav.
(iii) It is the Bank's duty to take care of vulnerable customers.
(iv) Rama Bhai should have checked about Keshav in her own interest.
Your decision with the reason
PRINCIPLES:
(1) A person is liable for negligence, if he fails to take care of his neighbour's interest.
(2) A neighbour is anyone whose interests should have been foreseeable by a reasonable man while carrying on his activities.
FACTS: A cricket match was going on in a closed door stadium. A cricket fan who could not get into the stadium was watching the game by climbing up a nearby tree and sitting there. The cricket ball in the course of the game went out of the stadium and hit this person and injured him. He filed a suit against the organizers.
Possible Decisions
(a) The organizers are liable to compensate the injured person.
(b) The organizers are not liable to compensate the injured person.
(c) The injured person should have avoided the place where he might be hit by the cricket ball.
Possible Reasons
(i) The organizers are responsible for the people inside the stadium.
(ii) The organizers could not have foreseen somebody watching the game by climbing up a tree.
(iii)A person crazy about something must pay the price for that.
(iv) The organizers shall be liable to everybody likely to watch the game.
Your decision with the reason
PRINCIPLES:
(1) When a person unlawfully interferes in the chattel of another person by which the latter is deprived of its use, the former commits the tort of conversion.
(2) Nobody shall enrich himself at other's expense.
FACTS: A patient suffering from stomach ailment approached a teaching hospital.
He was diagnosed as suffering from appendicitis and his appendix was removed. He
became alright. The hospital, however, found some unique cells in the appendix and
using the cell lines thereof, it developed drugs of enormous commercial value. When
the erstwhile patient came to know about it, he claimed a share in the profit made by
the hospital.
Possible Decisions
(a) The hospital need not share its profits with the patient.
(b) The hospital may share its profits on ex gratia basis.
(c) The hospital shall share its profits with the patient.
Possible Reasons
(i) The patient, far from being deprived of the use of his appendix, actually benefitted by its removal.
(ii) The hospital instead of throwing away the appendix conducted further research on it on its own and the development of drug was the result of its own effort.
(iii) The hospital could not have achieved its success without that appendix belonging to the patient.
(iv) Everybody must care for and share with others.
Your decision with the reason
PRINCIPLES:
(1) Copying including attempt to copy in examinations is a serious offence.
(2) One shall not take any unauthorized materials into the examination hall.
FACTS: Rohini, an examinee in PUC, was thoroughly checked while entering into the examination hall. She did not have anything other than authorised materials such as pen, instrument box, etc., with her. As she was writing her paper, an invigilator found close to her feet a bunch of chits. The invigilator on scrutiny found that the chits contained answers to the paper being written by Rohini. Rohini's answers tallied with the answers in the chits. A charge of copying was levelled against Rohini.
Probable Decisions
(a) Rohini shall be punished for copying.
(b) Rohini cannot be punished for copying.
Probable Reasons
(i) Something lying near the feet does not mean that the person is in possession of that thing.
(ii) The fact that she was checked thoroughly while getting into the hall must be conclusive.
(iii) Similarities between her answers and the answers in the chit indicate that she used those chits.
(iv) After using those chits, she must have failed to dispose of them properly.
Your decision with the reason
From the four answers given, shade the appropriate answer in the space provided for it on the OMR answer sheet.
All contracts are agreements. All agreements are accepted offers. Which of the following derivation is correct?
No minor can enter into a contract of work. Working in a shop can be done only by a contract.
Which of the following derivation is correct?
All motor vehicles are required to have third party insurance. Any vehicle not using mechanical device is not a motor vehicle.
Which of the following is correct derivation from the above?
A contract contravening public policy is void. There cannot be a general definition of public policy.
Which of the following is correct derivation from the above?
International Law is the law between sovereign states. A sovereign is the supreme authority not bound by legal constraints.
Which of the following is correct derivation from the above?
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