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In each question below are given three statements followed by four conclusions numbered I, II, III and IV. You have to take the three given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the three given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.
Statements: Some books are papers. Some papers are plastic. No plastic is black.
Conclusions:
I. Some papers are not black.
II. All papers are not black.
III. Some papers are black.
IV. Some books are black.
We know: Some books are papers. Some papers are plastic. No plastic is black.
We shall now test each of the conclusions by negating them, and the ones which shall hold true in every case are valid in nature.
1. Some papers are not black: This is a true statement since some papers are plastic, and no plastic can be black. Hence, The papers which are plastic are definitely not black.
2. All papers are not black: We cannot be sure about this conclusion, as we merely know that papers that are plastic are definitely not black. However, we don't have any information about the papers which are not plastic, they may or may not be black.
3. Some papers are black: Again, we cannot be sure about this conclusion because there can be a case when papers and black are totally disjointed sets.
4. Some books are black: Invalid conclusion by the same logic as mentioned in 3.
