Instructions

Read the Passage and answer the questions

Theorists adopting psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behaviour, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life . Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and loss of potential love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. The Freudian perspective, in a sense, sees us as 'steam engines'. By holding in rather than venting 'steam', we set the stage for future explosions. Pent up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed towards parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.

Question 198

According to the passage, Freud believed that children experience conflict between a desire to vent aggression on their parents and


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