AP ICET 2020 Question Paper Shift-1 (10th Sep)

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Two recent publications offer different assessment of the career of the famous British nurse Florence Nightingale. A book by Anne Summers seeks to debunk the idealizations and present a reality at odds with Nightingale's heroic reputation. According to Summers, Nightingale 's importance during the Crimean War has been exaggerated: not until near the war's end did she become supervisor of the female nurses. Additionally. Summers writes that the contribution of the nurses to the relief of the wounded was at best marginal. The prevailing problems of military medicine were caused by army organizational practices, and the addition of a few nurses to the medical staff could be no more than symbolic. Nightingale's place in the national pantheon, Summers asserts, is largely due to the propagandistic efforts of contemporary news reporters.

By contrast, the editors of a new volume of Nightingale's letters view Nightingale as a person who significantly influenced not only her age but also subsequent generations. They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war. For example, when she learned that peacetime living conditions in British barracks were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exceeded that of neighbouring civilian populations. she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal commission on the Health of the Army. She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses' training hospital in London. Even in administrative matters. the editors assert, her practical intelligence was formidable: as recently as 1947 the British Army's medical services were still using the cost-accounting system she had devised in the 1860's.

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How you talk. along with other kinds of social codes such as how you dress or how you behave, is an important way of displaying who you are: in other words, of :indicating social identity. This question of :identity, who we are, how we perceive ourselves and how others perceive us, is not defined simply by factors such as where we were born and brought up, who our parents are or were, and which socio-economic group we happen to belong to. Identity, whether it is on an individual, social or institutional level, is something which we are constantly building and negotiating all our lives through our interaction with others. Identity is also multifaceted: people switch into different roles at different times in different situations, and each of those contexts may require a shift into different, sometimes conflicting, identities for the people involved. One of the ways in which we accomplish and display this shift is through the language we use.