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Question 44

In the below mentioned compounds the decreasing order of reactivity towards electrophilic substitution is

(i)

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(ii)

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(iii)

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(iv)

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Solution

The four compounds are assumed to be the common monosubstituted benzenes used in standard JEE problems:

(i) Aniline  $$C_6H_5NH_2$$
(ii) Phenol   $$C_6H_5OH$$
(iii) Toluene  $$C_6H_5CH_3$$
(iv) Nitrobenzene $$C_6H_5NO_2$$

In electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) the rate depends on how strongly the substituent donates or withdraws electrons from the ring.

Guiding principles:
1. An electron-donating group (EDG) increases electron density and therefore activates the ring.
2. An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) decreases electron density and therefore deactivates the ring.
3. The order of activation depends on the magnitude of the +M (mesomeric), +I (inductive) or +H (hyperconjugative) effects shown below.

Substituent analysis

(i) $$-NH_2$$ : Strong +M (lone pair conjugation) and weak +I → very strong activator.
(ii) $$-OH$$ : Strong +M (lone-pair donation) but a −I effect; overall donation slightly weaker than $$-NH_2$$ → strong activator.
(iii) $$-CH_3$$ : No +M, only +H hyperconjugation and a feeble +I → weak activator.
(iv) $$-NO_2$$ : Strong −M (draws π electrons into the nitro group) and strong −I → strong deactivator.

Resultant reactivity order
Highest activation gives the fastest EAS; strongest deactivation gives the slowest. Therefore

$$C_6H_5NH_2 \; \gt \; C_6H_5OH \; \gt \; C_6H_5CH_3 \; \gt \; C_6H_5NO_2$$

Translating this back to the given numbering, the decreasing order of reactivity is
$$(i) \; \gt \; (ii) \; \gt \; (iii) \; \gt \; (iv).$$

Hence, the correct option is
Option D which is: (i) > (ii) > (iii) > (iv).

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