Which of the following statements can most reasonably be inferred from the information available in the passage
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The questions in this section are based on a single passage. The questions are to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
In 1954, a Bombay economist named A.D. Shroff began a Forum of Free Enterprise, whose ideas on economic development were somewhat at odds with those then influentially articulated by the Planning Commission of the Government of India. Shroff complained against the 'indifference, if not discouragement' with which the state treated entrepreneurs.
At the same time as Shroff, but independently of him, a journalist named Philip Spratt was writing a series of essays in favour of free enterprise. Spratt was a Cambridge communist who was sent by the party in 1920s to foment revolution in the sub-continent. Detected in the act, he spent many years in an Indian jail. The books he read in the prison, and his marriage to an Indian woman afterwards, inspired a steady move rightwards. By the 1950s.He was editing a pro-American weekly from Bangalore, called Mysindia. There he inveighed against the economic policies of the Government of India. These, he said, treated the entrepreneur 'as a criminal who has dared to use his brains independently of the state to create wealth and give employment'. The state's chief planner, P.C. Mahalanobis, had surrounded himself with Western leftists and Soviet academicians, who reinforced his belief in 'rigid control by the government over all activities'. The result, said Spratt, would be 'the smothering of free eenterprise, a famine of consumer goods, and the tying down of millions of workers to soul-deadening techniques.'
The voices of men like Spratt and Shroff were drowned in the chorus of popular support for a model of heavy industrialization funded and directed by the governments. The 1950s were certainly not propitious times for free marketers in India. But from time-to-time their ideas were revived. After the rupee was devalued in 1966, there were some moves towards freeing the trade regime, and hopes that the licensing system would also be liberalized. However, after Indira Gandhi split the Congress Party in 1969, her government took its 'left turn', nationalizing a fresh range of industries and returning to economic autarky.
Which of the following statements can most reasonably be inferred from the information available in the passage
Which of the following statements is least likely to be inferred from the passage
Select the statement that best captures the central purpose of this passage
Philip Spratt came to India because he
The author avers that A.D Sheriff’s ideas were somewhat at odds with the views of Planning Commission because
The ideological shift of Philip Spratt to the right was caused by
Select the statement that could be most plausibly inferred from this passage
The author alludes to nationalization of industries in 1969 in order to
"Neither Philip Sprattnor A.D, Shroff.........able to convince Mahalanobis." Select the most appropriate phrase out of the four options for filling the blank space in the aforesaid sentence.
The word 'inveighed' in this passage means
The questions in this section are based on a single passage. The questions are to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
In Mann Joseph's debut novel Serious Men, the protagonist, Ayyan Mani, is a scheming Dalit-Buddhist who almost gets away with passing off his partially deaf son, Adi, as a prodigy, a genius who can recite the first 1,000 prime numbers. The garb of satire where almost every character cuts a sorry figure-gives the author the licence to offer one of the most bleak and pessimistic portrayals of urban Dalits Despite his savage portrayal of Dalit (and female) characters—or perhaps because of it-Serious Men has won critical appreciation from a cross-section of readers and critics.
At a time when a formidable body of Dalit literature - writing by Dalits about Dalit lives - has created a distinct space for itself, how and why is it that a novel such as Serious Men,
with its gleefully skewed portrayal of an angry Dalit man, manages to win such accolades? In American literature—and particularly in the case of African-American authors and characters-these issues of representation have been debated for decades. But in India, the sustained refusal to address issues related to caste in everyday life—and the continued and unquestioned predominance of a Brahminical stranglehold over cultural production-have led us to a place where non-Dalit portrayal of Dalits in literature, cinema and art remains the norm.
The journey of modern Dalit literature has been a difficult one. But even though it has not necessarily enjoyed the support of numbers, we must engage with what Dalits are writing—not simply for reasons of authenticity, or as a concession to identity politics, but simply because of the aesthetic value of this body of writing, and for the insights it offers into the human condition. In a society that is still largely unwilling to recognise Dalits as equal, rights-bearing human beings, in a society that is inherently indifferent to the everyday violence against Dalits, in a society unwilling to share social and cultural resources equitably with Dalits unless mandated by law (as seen in the anti-reservation discourse), Dalit literature has the potential to humanise non-Dalits and sensitise them to a world into which they have no insight. But before we can understand what Dalit literature is seeking to accomplish, we need first to come to terms with the stranglehold of non-Dalit representations of Dalits.
Rohinton Mistry's A Fine Balance, published 15 years ago, chronicles the travails of two Dalit characters-uncles Ishvar and nephew Om Prakash—that migrate to Bombay and yet cannot escape brutality. While the present of the novel is set at the time of the Emergency, Ishvar's father Dukhi belongs to the era of the anti-colonial nationalist movement. During one of Dukhi's visits to the town, he chances upon a meeting of the Indian National Congress, where speakers spread the "Mahatma's message regarding the freedom struggle, the struggle for justice," and wiping out "the disease of untouchability; ravaging us for centuries, denying dignity to our fellow human beings."
Neither in the 1940s, .where the novel's past is set, nor in the Emergency period of the 1970s-when the minds and bodies Ishvar and Omprakash, are savaged by the state-do we find any mention of a figure like B.R. Ambedkar or of Dalit movements. In his 'nationalist' understanding of modem Indian history, Mistry seems to have not veered too far from the road charted by predecessors like Mulk Raj Anand and Premchand. Sixty years after Premchand, Mistry's literary imagination seems stuck in the empathy-realism mode, trapping Dalits in abjection. Mistry happily continues the broad stereotype of the Dalit as a passive sufferer, without consciousness of caste politics.
Which of the following is the closest description of the central argument of this passage?
According to this passage, Premchand and Mulk Raj Anand
The writer refers to the 'anti-reservation discourse' in order to argue that
Which of the following statements is least likely to be inferred from this passage?
According to the information available in the passage, the writer attributes the prevalence of representation of Dalits by non-Dalits in literature, art and media to
Which of the following is not among the reasons suggested by the writer for engaging with Dalit writing?
Which of the following statement cannot be inferred from the passage?
The writer of this passage is critical of Rohinton Mistry's A Fine Balance for the reason that
Which of the following words would be the best substitute for the word "formidable' in this passage?
"It is not as if Dalit movements........not active during the periods that form A Fine Balance's backdrop." Select the most appropriate choice, to fill in the blank in the above sentence.
The questions in this section are based on a single passage. The questions are to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
In recent weeks, the writers William Dalrymple and Patrick French, among others, have come before a fusillade of criticism in India, much of it questioning not their facts, not their interpretations, but their foreignness.
"Who gels to write about India?" The Wall Street Journal asked on Wednesday in its own report on this Indian literary feuding. It is a complicated question, not least because to decide who gets to write about India, you would need to decide who gets to decide who gets to write about India. Rather than conjecturing some Committee for the Deciding o! the Deciding of Who Gets to Write About India, it might be easier to let writers write what they please and readers read what they wish.
The accusations pouring forth from a section of the Indian commentarial are varied. Some criticism is of a genuine literary nature, fair game, customary, expected. But lately a good amount of the reproaching has been about identity.
In the case of Mr. Dalrymple, a Briton who lives in New Delhi, it is—in the critics' view - that his writing is an act of re-colonization. In the case of Mr. French, it is that he belongs
to a group of foreign writers who use business-class lounges and see some merit in capitalist and therefore do not know the real India, which only the commentarial member in question does.
What is most interesting about these appraisals is that their essential nature makes reading the book superfluous, as one of my Indian reviewers openly admitted. (His review was not about the book but about his refusal to read the book.) The book is not necessary in these cases, for the argument is about who can write about India, not what has been written.
For critics of this persuasion, India surely seems a lonely land. A country with a millennial history of Hindus, Christians, Jews, Muslims and Buddhists living peaceably together; a country of hundreds of dialects in which so many Indians are linguistic foreigners to each other, and happily, tolerantly so; a country that welcomes foreign seekers (of yoga poses, of spiritual wisdom, of ancestral roots) with open arms: a country where, outside the elite world of South.
Delhi and South Bombay, I have not heard an Indian ask whether outsiders have a right to write, think or exist on their soil.
But it is not just this deep-in-the-bones pluralism that challenges the who-gets-to-writeabout- India contingent. It is also that at the very heart of India's multifarious changes today is this glimmering idea: that Indians must be rewarded for what they do, not who they are.
Identities you never chose - caste, gender, birth order - are becoming less important determinants of fate. Your deeds - how hard you work, what risks you take - are becoming more important.
It is this idea, which I have found pulsating throughout the Indian layers, that leaves a certain portion of the intelligentsia out of sync with the surrounding country. As Mr. French has observed, there is a tendency in some of these writers to value social mobility only for themselves. When the new economy lifts up the huddled masses, then it becomes tawdry capitalism and rapacious imperialism and soulless globalization.
Fortunately for those without Indian passports, the nativists' vision of India is under demographic siege. The young and the relentless are India's future. They could not think more differently from these literates.
They savour the freedom they are gaining to seek their own level in the society and to find their voice; and they tend to be delighted thought that some foreigners do the same in India and love their country as much as they do.
Which of the following statements you likely to be inferred from the passage.
Which of the following would be the best substitute for the word 'fusillade’ in the passage
The writer uses the phrase, 'who-gets-to- write about-India contingent' in lit passage to refer to
The writer believes that the most peculiar aspect of the criticisms that Patrick French and William Dalrymple have received is that
Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage
According to the information available in the passage, the writer is of the opinion that
The writer refers to the history of Hindus, Christians, Jews, Muslims and Buddhists living peaceably together in India for millions of years in order to
The writer argues that the nature of criticism he, Dalrymple and French have received for their books renders reading their books superfluous because
According to the passage, the question 'who gets to write about India' is complicated because
"But with many outsiders' India-related books recently hitting bookstores there, the sensitivity - flared into a bout of vigorous literary nativism, with equally vigorous counterpunches." Select the most appropriate choice to fill in the blank in the above sentence
The questions in this section are based on a single passage. The questions are to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
If religion and community are associated with global violence in the trends of manypeople, then so are global poverty and inequality. There has, in fact, been an increasing tendency in recent years to justify policies of poverty removal on the ground that this is the surest way to prevent political strife and turmoil. Basing public policy—international as well as domestic--on such an understanding has some evident attractions. Given the public anxiety about wars and disorders in the rich countries in the world, the indirect justification of poverty removal—not for its own sake but for the sake of peace and quiet in the world -provides an argument that appeals to sellinterest for helping the needy. It presents an argument for allocating more resources on poverty removal because of its presumed political, rather than moral, relevance.
While the temptation to go in that direction is easy to understand, it is a perilous route to take even for a worthy cause. Part of the difficulty lies in the possibility that if wrong, economic reductionswould not only impair our understanding of the world, but would also tend to undermine the declared rationale of the public commitment to remove poverty. This is a particularly serious concern, since poverty and massive inequality are terrible enough in themselves, and deserve priority even if there were no connection whatsoever with violence. Just as virtue is its own reward, poverty is atleast its own penalty. This is not to deny poverty and inequality can - and do - have reaching consequences with conflict and strife but these connections have to be examined investigated with appropriate care empirical scrutiny, rather than being casually invoked with unreasoned rapidity in support a 'good cause."
Destitution can of course, produce provocation for defying established laws a" rules. But it need not give people the initiative courage, and actual ability to do anything violent. Destitution can be accompanied not o by economic debility, but also by political helplessness. A starving wretch can be too far and too dejected to fight and battle, and even protest and holler. It is thus not surprising that often enough intense and widespread suffering and misery have been accompanied by unusual peace and silence. Indeed, many famines have occurred without there being much political rebellion or civil strife or intergroup warfare. For example, the famine years in the 1840s in Ireland were among the most peaceful, and there was little attempt by the hungry masses to intervene even as ship after ship sailed down the river Shannon with rich food. Looking elsewhere, my own childhood memories in Calcutta during the Bengal famine of 1943 include the sight of starving people dying in front of sweetshops with various lasers of luscious food displayed behind the glass windows, without a single glass being broken, or law or order being disrupted.
Select the statement that can be most plausibly inferred from the aforesaid passage
The author believes that it may not be advisable to emphasise on the connection between poverty and violence as
Which of the following best captures the central argument of this passage?
In the given passage, the word 'perilous' means
The author refers to his own experience as a child during the Bengal famine of ,1943 in order to
The word 'destitution' in this passage can be best substituted by
Which of the following statement is least likely to be inferred from the passage?
The author asserts that basing anti-poverty measures on the avowed connections between poverty and violence has certain apparent benefits because
'Economic reductionism' in this passage means
"A sense of encroachment, degradation and humiliation can be even easier,— mobilize for rebellion and revolt." Select the most appropriate word out of the four options for filling the blank space in the aforesaid sentence
Why was Arundhati Roy investigated for sedition?
Damon Galgut's 'In a Strange Room' was recently in news for
Who was recently in the news when the Supreme Court of India rejected her plea for Euthanasia, but paved the waylegalization of passive euthanasia?
Nagoya Protocol, signed by India on 30 October, 2010 was
Julian Assange, the founder of Wiki-Leaks, has been encamped in the Embassy at which nations?
Which of the following are the five countries that have decided to bid for 2017 World Athletics Championships?
The recent Tunisian revolution is known as
'The Naive and the Sentimental Novelist' is a 2010 publication of Harvard University Press of which of the following authors?
Who replaced Rajiv Shukla as the IPL Chairman and Commissioner from 2013 year's edition of the IPL?
Which one of the following films was officially selected to compete in the uncertain Regard (A Certain Glance) category at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival?
Ram Kumudini Devi whose birth centenary is being celebrated in 2011, was the
The Supreme Court in 2010 upheld an order of the Bombay High Court to lift a four-year-old ban imposed by the Maharashtra government on publication and circulation of a controversial book, authored by American scholar James Laine. Identify the book from the following.
In which case did the Nagpur Bench of the Bombay High Court on July 14, 2010 commute the death sentence of six accused to vigorous life imprisonment?
The Shunglu panel was constituted for which of the following issues?
Who was appointed as the Chairman of the National Innovation Council in August 2010?
Name the Kenya-born political lobbyist who runs a firm called Vaishnavi Corporate Communications, and has recently been in news?
Irom Shannila has been fasting for the last JO years to protest against which of the following issues?
Thein Sein is the newly-appointed President of which of the following nations?
Baglihar dam has been a matter of dispute between which nations?
Who is the author of the book 'TINDERBOX - The Past and Future of Pakistan"?
On 25th January, 2011, BJP leaders Sushma Swaraj and Arun Jaitley were prevented from entering Srinagar and unfurl the national flag. What was that Rath Yatra called?
Who is chairing the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) on the 2G Spectrum allocation issue?
Saina Nehwal recently defeated Ji Hyun Sung of South Korea to win which of the following titles?
'Moner Manush', the film to win the 'Golden Peacock' at the 41st International Film Festival of India was based on the life of which legendary 19th century folk singer and spiritual leader?
Justice P.C. Phukan Commission of Inquiry was constituted to enquire into which of the following incidents?
The first woman Secretary-General of SAARC is from which country'?
Under whose premiership was the Women's Reservations Bill (to secure quotas for women in Parliament and State legislative assemblies) first introduced in Parliament?
Which Irish player scored the fastest Century in the history of World Cup Cricket?
Which of the following report brought out the 2G Spectrum Scam?
In February 2011, Gopa Sabharwal was appointed as the first Vice-Chancellor of which University of international stature?
With which Hindutva association are Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur and Swami Aseemanand allegedly associated?
With which of the following do you associate the name P.J. Thomas?
The 18th Commonwealth Law Conference was held in which city in 2013?
Gustavo Santaolall who composed the music to the song "Stranger Lives" in the movie "Dhobi Ghat", is from which of the following nations?
Which one of the following was not awarded a portion of the contested land by the judgment of the Allahabad High Court in 2010 pertaining to the Ayodhya dispute?
Sania Mirza claimed silver in the tennis mixed doubles category in the Asian Games in, Guangzhou in November 2010. Who was her partner?
China objected to the Dalai Lama's recent visit to Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh. What was he visiting in Tawang?
Which one of the following tribes lives in the Niyamgiri Hills, which is at the heart of the controversy surrounding Vedanta Resources' mining operations?
Which prominent Barrister-politician, who was closely linked with the emergency proclamation of 1975, breathed his last in Kolkata on 6th November 2010?
Who is the author of the book 'Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and his Struggle with India', criticized for its content?
Which Gharana of classical singing did Late Pandit Bhimsen Joshi belong to?
14th March, 2011 was the 80th Anniversary of the first Indian Sound Film (talkie). Which Movie was it?
Which internationally renowned musician collaborated with Rahul Sharma to release a music album titled 'Namaste India'?
"War on Terrorism or American Strategy for Global Dominance'' is authored by which of the following authors?
Mohammad Asif, Mohammad Amir and Salman Butt (Cricket players of Pakistan) have been banned for being found guilty of spot fixing. To which of the following institutions have they appealed?
Indian driver Karun Chandok was recently in the news for which of the following?
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change meeting of 2013 November was held in which of the following places?
Which of the following pairings is incorrect?
The Right of Children to Full and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 requires private schools to ensure that... per cent of their students come from weaker sections and disadvantaged groups?
Srikrishna Committee, which recently submitted its report, was constituted for which of the following issues?
Akbar will turn 50 when his son Jehangir turns 18. What will be Akbar's age when it will be exactly 5 times that of Jehangir?
Arun can climb a Coconut tree by 1.5 feet by each lift; however he slips 0.5 feet every time he makes the next lift. How many individual lifts he will have to reach the top of the Coconut tree of 18.5 feet?
Jorgen’s taxable income for 2010-11 is Rs. 5, 00,000. The tax rates are (i) nil for first 1,50,000, (ii) 10% for 1,50,001-3,00,000, and (iii) 20% for the remaining. His
Tax liability is
The ratio of two numbers is 4 : 5. But, if each number is increased by 20, the ratio becomes 6 : 7. The sum of such numbers is
During the academic session 2009-10, in Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, the number of students studying Arts, Law and Commerce was in the ratio of 5 : 6 : 7.
If during the academic session 2010-11 the number of students studying Arts, Law and Commerce increased by 20%, 30% and 40% respectively, what will be new ratio?
Seema sold a mobile phone at the cost of Rs. 1,950 at a loss of 25%. At what cost will she have to sell it to get a profit of 30%?
A man walks from his house to the Railway Station to catch a train, which is running as per schedule. It he walks at 6 km/hr, he misses the train by 9 minutes. However, if he walks at 7 km/hr, he reaches the station 6 minutes before the departure of train. The distance of his home to the Railway Station is
Difference between two numbers is 9 and difference between their squares is 981. Lowest of the two numbers is
Ms. Jhulan Goswami scores 102 runs in the 18th innings of her career and thus increases her average by 5. After the 18lh inning, her average is
In a staff room of 25 teachers, 13 drink black coffee, 7 milk coffee, 9 drink both tea and either type of coffee, and everyone drinks either of the beverages. How many teachers drink only tea?
A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random from the box, the probability that it bears a perfect square number is
Two coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting at the most one head is
A flag pole 18 m high casts a shadow 9.6 m long. What is the distance of the top of the pole from the far end of the shadow?
The $$10^{th}$$ term of the series: 5, 8, 11,14,... is
A bag contains 19 red balls, 37 blue balls and 27 green balls. If a ball is picked up from this bag at random, what is the probability of picking a blue ball?
A cylindrical tennis ball container can contain maximum three balls stacked on one another. The top and bottom balls also touch the lid and the base of the container respectively. If the volume of a tennis ball is 240 cm, then what is the volume of the container?
The area of a square is 225 sq. cm. which is equal to the area of a rectangle. The length of the rectangle is 16 cm. more than the breadth of the rectangle. What is the
respective ratio between the side of the square and the breadth of the rectangle?
If $$\left(\frac{9}{7}\right)^3 \times \left(\frac{49}{81}\right)^{2x - 6} = \left(\frac{7}{9}\right)^9$$, then the value of x is:?
Francis has 18 eggs out of which 12 eggs were sold at 10% loss than the cost price. At what mark up should he sell the remaining eggs to cover his losses?
If the length and height of a brick increases by 10% each respectively, and the breadth reduces by 20%, what is the percentage change in the volume of the brick?
The following six questions comprise of one or more statements. Please answer the questions on the basis of the given statement(s). Please make the factual assumptions required by the question even if you believe the statement is false.
'Where there is smoke, there is fire. Which of the following statements, it true, would show that the above statement is false?
'Where there is poverty, there are always thieves. Which of the following statements, if true, would show that the above statement is false?
Statement 1: Sugar is bad for people with diabetes.
Statement 2: Leela does not eat sugar.
Assuming that Statements 1 and 2 are true, which of the following statements follows?
Statement 1: People who read fashion magazines do not like to read fiction.
Statement 2: Tenzin does not read fashion magazines. Assuming that Statements 1 and
2 are true, which of the following conclusions might be said to follow?
Suleiman: All Communists are atheists. Sheeba: That is not true.
Which of the following, if true, would make Sheeba's reply the most convincing?
Statement 1: All pingos are byronic
Statement 2: Shalisto is byronic.
Statement 3: Therefore........................
Fill in the blank.
For the following eight questions, study the sequence of letters, numbers or words carefully to work out the pattern on which it is based, and therefore what the next
item m the sequence must be. For example, the sequence 'A, C, E, G,....., has oddnumbered letters of the alphabet; therefore, the next item must be T, The meanings of the words are irrelevant.
A, B, D, G, K, P,.....
What is the last alphabet in this sequence?
B, C, E, G, K, M, Q, S, ....
What is the next alphabet in this sequence?
Z, X, T, N,....
What is the next alphabet in this sequence?
Apple, Application... Approval, Apricot, April'
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
'Sunday, Monday, Wednesday, Saturday, Wednesday, Monday, Sunday,...........'
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
‘387924, 3724, 423, 32, 2. Winch number is missing?
'Gym, hymn, lynx, pygmy, rhythm' which of the following words does not belong to the above set?
Aadvark, Eerie, iiwi, Oolong, Which of the following words follows the pattern of this series?
For the following nine questions, read the given argument or statement carefully, making any factual assumptions necessary. Then choose the best answer out of the four choices to the question asked. Note that not all the facts given will be relevant for determining the answer.
'China has a higher literacy rate than, India. This is due to the greater efficiency of the Communist system. Efficiency is sorely lacking in India's democratic system.
Therefore, democracy is the biggest obstacle to India's achieving 100% literacy'. Which of the following, if true, would directly undermine the above argument?
'In 399 BC a jury in Athens condemned Socrates to death for impiety and corrupting the morals of the youth. Socrates' friends offered to help him escape, but Socrates refused. Socrates argued that the fact that he had lived in Athens for so many years meant that he had committed himself to obeying its laws. It would therefore be wrong for him to break those very laws he was implicitly committed to obeying.'
Which one of the following claims constitutes the most plausible challenge to Socrates' argument?
'Soft drinks have been shown by scientists to be bad for the teeth. Therefore, the government would be justified in banning all soft drinks from the Indian market'.
Assuming that the factual claim in the above argument is true, what else needs to be assumed for the conclusion to follow?
'In order to be eligible for election lo the Lok Sabha, a person must be at least 25 years of age. Moreover, one must not be bankrupt. Therefore, Jatinder Singh, over
50 years of age and without any criminal convictions, cannot be the Speaker of the Lok Sabha since he has just filed for backruptcy.'
Which of the following must be assumed for the conclusion to follow logically?
'As a century draws to a close, people start behaving much like people coming to the end of a long life. People approaching death often start reflecting on the events of their lives. Similarly, people alive in 1999..........'
Which of the following most logically completes the paragraph above?
'The Roman poet and philosophy Lucretius proposed the following thought experiment. If the universe has boundary, we can throw a spear at this boundary. If the spear flies through, tin it is not a boundary. If the spear bounces back, there must something beyond this boundary that is itself in space, which means it is not a boundary at all. Either way, it turns out that the universe has no boundary.
How best can the form of Lucretius’! Argument for the infinity of space bf described?
'Utilitarian’s believe that the right action is that which produces the most happiness.'
Which of the following claims is incompatible with the utilitarian view?
'Senthil goes to Ambala for the first time in his life. On the way from the railway station to his hotel, he sees twelve people,all of them male-. He concludes that there
are no women in Ambala. As a matter of fact, there are many thousands of women in Ambala.'
Which of the following best describes Senthil's error?
'It took many centuries before the countries of Europe could resolve their internal problems of violence and corruption to become the stable nation-states they are.
Therefore, it will take many centuries for India to achieve internal stability. Assuming that the factual claims in the argument above are true, what must be
assumed in order for the conclusion to follow?
In the following three questions, assume that a 'fact' expresses something that can be proved by clear and objective data. An opinion expresses a judgment, view, attitude,
or conclusion that is not backed by data.
Which one of the following statements is best described as an assertion of opinion rather than an assertion of fact?
'(A) The number of people migrating into Bengaluru has increased significantly in recent years.
(B) This is because Bengaluru provides more economic opportunities than the towns and villages from which these migrants come.
(C) This sudden influx of migrants has made the city less pleasant to live in.
(D) The success of the government's rural employment guarantee act might have the effect of stemming some rural-urban migration.'
Which one of the above statements is best described as an assertion of opinion rather than an assertion of fact?
Which one of the following statements, if true, is best described as an assertion of opinion rather than an assertion of fact?
For the following three questions, there are two or more statements along with few conclusions deduced from the statements. You are required to answer on the basis of the statements and the conclusions. Make the factual assumptions required by the question even if you believe the statement is actually false.
Statement 1: Some aero planes areballoons.
Statement 2: Some balloons are rockets.
Conclusions:
(a) some aeroplane are rokets
(b) some rokets are tables
(c) the pockets are balloons
(d) All the balloons are aero planes.
Assuming that statements 1 and 2 are true, which conclusions follow?
Statement 1: All whales are fish.
Statement 2: Some fish are not amphibians.
Statement 3: All whales are amphibians.
Statement 4: Some amphibians ire not fish.
Conclusions:
(a) Some fish are amphibians
(b) Some amphibians are fish
(c) Only whale are both fish and amphibians
(d) AM amphibians are fish.
Assuming only that Statements 1, 2, 3 and 4 are true, which of the above conclusions may be deduced?
Statement 1: All libraries are laboratories.
Statement 2: No laboratories are hostels.
Conclusions:
(a) All laboratories are libraries
(b) Some hostels are libraries
(c) Some libraries are hostels
(d) No library is a hostel.
Assuming that statements 1 and 2 are which conclusions follow?
For the following questions, are given passage carefully and answer questions that follow.
Instead of being concerned with actually happens in practice ... [economic increasingly reoccupied with develop pseudo-mathematical formulas. These pro models of behavour which never quite fit actually happens, in a way which resembles physical sciences; one wrong: instead equations describing reality, economic produces equal ions describing deal condition and theoretical clarity of a type which reoccurs in practice.
Which of the following best summary the argument of this paragraph?
Which of the following claims is implied in the paragraph above?
Which of the following is true, would most weaken the argument of the passage above?
For the following questions, are given passage carefully and answer questions that follow.
Religions, like camel caravans, seem to avoid plain passes. Buddhism spread quickly h from Buddha's birth-place in southern Nepal across the flat Gangetic plain to Sri Lanka. But it took a millennium to reach China. I he religious belt stretched eventually to Mongolia and Japan, but in Afghanistan buddhism filled only a narrow belt that left pagans among the valleys to the east and west if Kailash and Ghor'.
Which of the following best summarizes the subject of this paragraph?
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion to the above argument?
For the following questions, are given passage carefully and answer questions that follow.
'Friendship was indeed a value for the villagers, more for men than for women. Two good friends were said to be 'like brothers' (literally, 'like elder brother-younger
brother', annatammandirahag. I heard this expression several times and 1 could not help recalling the statement of an elderly English colleague who had told me that he and his brother were very close and had written to each other every week. He had added, 'we are very good friends.' That is, friendship connoted intimacy in England while in Rampur (as in rural India everywhere), brotherhood conveyed intimacy'
Which of the following best summarizes the conclusion of the argument of this paragraph?
Which of the following, if true, would directly contradict the conclusions of the above argument?
For the following questions, are given passage carefully and answer questions that follow.
'A language is most easily lea ml when it is in tune with the social context. To leach an Indian child in English at the primarystage.....strengthens distinctions of class andstatus and warps the mind. Failure to resort to regional languages in literacy campaigns also hampers their successes.
Which of the following best summaries the argument of the passage above?
Which of the following claims, if true, would weaken the argument in the passage above?
For the following questions, are given passage carefully and answer questions that follow.
The tribes should develop their own culture and make their contributions to the cultural richness of the country...it is unnecessary to cause them to change their customs, habits or diversions so far as to make themselves indistinguishable from other classes To do would be to rob rural and pastoral life of its colour and stimulating diversity'.
Which of the following conclusions is implied by the paasage above'?
Which of the following claims run? Directly counter to the spirit of the passage above?
Which of the following is not an assumption required by the above argument?
For the following questions, are given passage carefully and answer questions that follow.
India is the only country in the world where, in the states which are governed by the communist party, human rights are fully respected and that is only because the bill of rights is firmly entrenched in our national constitution. We can proudly say that our constitution gave us a flying start and equipped us adequately to meet the challenges of the future.
Which of the following conclusions is not implied by the passage above?
Which of the following is true, would weaken the above argument?
For the following questions, are given passage carefully and answer questions that follow.
'Poverty is more restrictive and limiting than anything else. If poverty and low standards continue then democracy, for all its fine Institutions and ideals, ceases to be a liberating force. It must therefore aim continuously at the eradication of poverty and its companion unemployment. In other words, political democracy is not enough. It must develop into
economic democracy also.'
Which of the following is not implied by the above passage?
Which of the following views, if true, would weaken the argument of the above passage?
This section consists o( ten problems (with 45 questions) in total. Each problem consists of a set of rules and facts. Apply the specified rules to the set of facts and answer the questions. In answering the following questions, you should not rely on any rule(s) except the rule(s) that are supplied for every problem. Further, you should not assume any fact other than those stated in the problem. The aim is to test your ability to properly apply a rule to a given set of facts, even when the result is absurd or unacceptable for any other reason. It is not the aim to test any knowledge of law you may already possess.
Rules
A. The fundamental right to freedom of association includes the right to form an association as well as not join an association.
B. The fundamental right to freedom of association also includes the freedom to decide with whom to associate.
C. The fundamental right to freedom of association does not extend to the right to realise the objectives of forming the association
D. Fundamental rights are applicable only to laws made by administrative actions of the State and do not apply to actions of private persons.
E. Any law in contravention of fundamental rights unconstitutional and therefore cannot bind any person.
Facts: Gajodhar Pharmaceuticals, a private company, offered an employment contract of two years to Syed Monirul Alam. One of the clauses in the employment contract provided that Syed Monirul Alam must join Gajodhar Mazdoor Sangh (CMS), one of the trade unions active in Gajodhar Pharmaceuticals.
Decide which of the following propositions can be most reasonably inferred through the application of the staled legal rules to the facts of this case
Rules
A. The fundamental right to freedom of association includes the right to form an association as well as not join an association.
B. The fundamental right to freedom of association also includes the freedom to decide with whom to associate.
C. The fundamental right to freedom of association does not extend to the right to realise the objectives of forming the association
D. Fundamental rights are applicable only to laws made by administrative actions of the State and do not apply to actions of private persons.
E. Any law in contravention of fundamental rights unconstitutional and therefore cannot bind any person.
Facts: Gajodhar Pharmaceuticals, a private company, offered an employment contract of two years to Syed Monirul Alam. One of the clauses in the employment contract provided that Syed Monirul Alam must join Gajodhar Mazdoor Sangh (CMS), one of the trade unions active in Gajodhar Pharmaceuticals.
If Parliament enacts a law which required every employee to join the largest trade union in their workplace mandating Syed Monirul Alam to join GMS, then
Rules
A. The fundamental right to freedom of association includes the right to form an association as well as not join an association.
B. The fundamental right to freedom of association also includes the freedom to decide with whom to associate.
C. The fundamental right to freedom of association does not extend to the right to realise the objectives of forming the association
D. Fundamental rights are applicable only to laws made by administrative actions of the State and do not apply to actions of private persons.
E. Any law in contravention of fundamental rights unconstitutional and therefore cannot bind any person.
Facts: Gajodhar Pharmaceuticals, a private company, offered an employment contract of two years to Syed Monirul Alam. One of the clauses in the employment contract provided that Syed Monirul Alam must join Gajodhar Mazdoor Sangh (CMS), one of the trade unions active in Gajodhar Pharmaceuticals.
If Parliament enacts a law that requires a trade union to open its membership to all the employees, then
Rules
A. The fundamental right to freedom of association includes the right to form an association as well as not join an association.
B. The fundamental right to freedom of association also includes the freedom to decide with whom to associate.
C. The fundamental right to freedom of association does not extend to the right to realise the objectives of forming the association
D. Fundamental rights are applicable only to laws made by administrative actions of the State and do not apply to actions of private persons.
E. Any law in contravention of fundamental rights unconstitutional and therefore cannot bind any person.
Facts: Gajodhar Pharmaceuticals, a private company, offered an employment contract of two years to Syed Monirul Alam. One of the clauses in the employment contract provided that Syed Monirul Alam must join Gajodhar Mazdoor Sangh (CMS), one of the trade unions active in Gajodhar Pharmaceuticals.
If Gajodhar Pharmaceuticals enter into an agreement with GMS wherein the formeragrees to hire only the existing members of GMS as employees, then
Rules
A. The fundamental right to freedom of association includes the right to form an association as well as not join an association.
B. The fundamental right to freedom of association also includes the freedom to decide with whom to associate.
C. The fundamental right to freedom of association does not extend to the right to realise the objectives of forming the association
D. Fundamental rights are applicable only to laws made by administrative actions of the State and do not apply to actions of private persons.
E. Any law in contravention of fundamental rights unconstitutional and therefore cannot bind any person.
Facts: Gajodhar Pharmaceuticals, a private company, offered an employment contract of two years to Syed Monirul Alam. One of the clauses in the employment contract provided that Syed Monirul Alam must join Gajodhar Mazdoor Sangh (CMS), one of the trade unions active in Gajodhar Pharmaceuticals.
If Parliament enacts a legislation prohibiting strikes by trade unions of employees engaged in pharmaceutical industry, then
Rule: Whoever finds an unattended object can keep it unless the true owner claims that object. This does not affect the property owner's light to the ownership of the property on which the
object is found. The right lo ownership of a property does not include the right to ownership of unattended objects on that property.
Facts: Elizabeth is the CEO of a global management services company in Chennai and is on her way to Ranchi to deliver the convocation address at India's leading business school on the outskirts of Ranchi. Flying business class on Dolphin Airlines, she is entitled to use the lounge owned by the airline in Chennai Airport while waiting for her flight. She finds a diamond earring on the flood of the lounge and gives it to the staff of Dolphin Airlines expressly stating that in the event of nobody claiming the earring within six month, she would claim it back. The airline sells the earring after eight months and Elizabeth files a case to recover the value of the earring from the airline when she is informed about its sale.
As a judge you would order that
Rule: Whoever finds an unattended object can keep it unless the true owner claims that object. This does not affect the property owner's light to the ownership of the property on which the
object is found. The right lo ownership of a property does not include the right to ownership of unattended objects on that property.
Facts: Elizabeth is the CEO of a global management services company in Chennai and is on her way to Ranchi to deliver the convocation address at India's leading business school on the outskirts of Ranchi. Flying business class on Dolphin Airlines, she is entitled to use the lounge owned by the airline in Chennai Airport while waiting for her flight. She finds a diamond earring on the flood of the lounge and gives it to the staff of Dolphin Airlines expressly stating that in the event of nobody claiming the earring within six month, she would claim it back. The airline sells the earring after eight months and Elizabeth files a case to recover the value of the earring from the airline when she is informed about its sale.
Assume now that Elizabeth was only an economy class passenger and was not entitled to use the airline's lounge. However, she manages to gain entry and finds the earring in the lounge. The rest of the above facts remain the same. Will her illegal entry into the lounge affect Elizabeth's right to keep the earring (or be compensated for its value
Rule: Whoever finds an unattended object can keep it unless the true owner claims that object. This does not affect the property owner's light to the ownership of the property on which the
object is found. The right lo ownership of a property does not include the right to ownership of unattended objects on that property.
Facts: Elizabeth is the CEO of a global management services company in Chennai and is on her way to Ranchi to deliver the convocation address at India's leading business school on the outskirts of Ranchi. Flying business class on Dolphin Airlines, she is entitled to use the lounge owned by the airline in Chennai Airport while waiting for her flight. She finds a diamond earring on the flood of the lounge and gives it to the staff of Dolphin Airlines expressly stating that in the event of nobody claiming the earring within six month, she would claim it back. The airline sells the earring after eight months and Elizabeth files a case to recover the value of the earring from the airline when she is informed about its sale.
To the original fact scenario, the following fact is added: In the lounge there are numerous signboards which proclaim 'Any unattended item will be confiscated by Dolphin Airlines'. In this case, you would
Rules A: The State shall not discriminate, either directly or indirectly, on the grounds of sex, race, religion, caste, creed, sexual orientation, marital status, disability, pregnancy,
place of birth, gender orientation or any other status.
Rule B: Direct discrimination occurs when for a reason related to one or more prohibit grounds a person or group of persons is treatedless favorably than another person or another group of persons in a comparable situation.
Rule C: Indirect discrimination occurs w a provision, criterion or practice which are on the face of it would have the effect putting persons having a status of characteristic associated with one or more prohibited grounds at a particular disadvantage compared with other persons.
Rule D: Discrimination shall be justified when such discrimination is absolutely necessary in order to promote the well-being disadvantaged groups, such as women, dalits religious minorities, sexual minorities or disabled persons.
Facts: On $$2^{nd}$$ October, 2010, the Governor of the State of Bihar ordered the release of all women prisoners who were serving sentence of less than one year imprisonment to mark the occasion of Mahatma Gandhi's birthday.
Which of the following is correct with respect to the Governor's order?
Rules A: The State shall not discriminate, either directly or indirectly, on the grounds of sex, race, religion, caste, creed, sexual orientation, marital status, disability, pregnancy,
place of birth, gender orientation or any other status.
Rule B: Direct discrimination occurs when for a reason related to one or more prohibit grounds a person or group of persons is treatedless favorably than another person or another group of persons in a comparable situation.
Rule C: Indirect discrimination occurs w a provision, criterion or practice which are on the face of it would have the effect putting persons having a status of characteristic associated with one or more prohibited grounds at a particular disadvantage compared with other persons.
Rule D: Discrimination shall be justified when such discrimination is absolutely necessary in order to promote the well-being disadvantaged groups, such as women, dalits religious minorities, sexual minorities or disabled persons.
Facts: On $$2^{nd}$$ October, 2010, the Governor of the State of Bihar ordered the release of all women prisoners who were serving sentence of less than one year imprisonment to mark the occasion of Mahatma Gandhi's birthday.
Is the governors’ order justified under Rule D?
Rules A: The State shall not discriminate, either directly or indirectly, on the grounds of sex, race, religion, caste, creed, sexual orientation, marital status, disability, pregnancy,
place of birth, gender orientation or any other status.
Rule B: Direct discrimination occurs when for a reason related to one or more prohibit grounds a person or group of persons is treatedless favorably than another person or another group of persons in a comparable situation.
Rule C: Indirect discrimination occurs w a provision, criterion or practice which are on the face of it would have the effect putting persons having a status of characteristic associated with one or more prohibited grounds at a particular disadvantage compared with other persons.
Rule D: Discrimination shall be justified when such discrimination is absolutely necessary in order to promote the well-being disadvantaged groups, such as women, dalits religious minorities, sexual minorities or disabled persons.
Facts: On $$2^{nd}$$ October, 2010, the Governor of the State of Bihar ordered the release of all women prisoners who were serving sentence of less than one year imprisonment to mark the occasion of Mahatma Gandhi's birthday.
Assume that the Governor also made a second order requiring the release of all persons under the age of 25 and over the age of 65 who were serving a sentence of less than one year's imprisonment. Under the rules, this order is
Rules A: The State shall not discriminate, either directly or indirectly, on the grounds of sex, race, religion, caste, creed, sexual orientation, marital status, disability, pregnancy,
place of birth, gender orientation or any other status.
Rule B: Direct discrimination occurs when for a reason related to one or more prohibit grounds a person or group of persons is treatedless favorably than another person or another group of persons in a comparable situation.
Rule C: Indirect discrimination occurs w a provision, criterion or practice which are on the face of it would have the effect putting persons having a status of characteristic associated with one or more prohibited grounds at a particular disadvantage compared with other persons.
Rule D: Discrimination shall be justified when such discrimination is absolutely necessary in order to promote the well-being disadvantaged groups, such as women, dalits religious minorities, sexual minorities or disabled persons.
Facts: On $$2^{nd}$$ October, 2010, the Governor of the State of Bihar ordered the release of all women prisoners who were serving sentence of less than one year imprisonment to mark the occasion of Mahatma Gandhi's birthday.
Assume further that the government nude a third order, releasing all graduate prisoners who are serving a sentence of less than one year's imprisonment. Which of the following statistics would haveto be true for this order to be indirectly discriminatory?
Rules A: The State shall not discriminate, either directly or indirectly, on the grounds of sex, race, religion, caste, creed, sexual orientation, marital status, disability, pregnancy,
place of birth, gender orientation or any other status.
Rule B: Direct discrimination occurs when for a reason related to one or more prohibit grounds a person or group of persons is treatedless favorably than another person or another group of persons in a comparable situation.
Rule C: Indirect discrimination occurs w a provision, criterion or practice which are on the face of it would have the effect putting persons having a status of characteristic associated with one or more prohibited grounds at a particular disadvantage compared with other persons.
Rule D: Discrimination shall be justified when such discrimination is absolutely necessary in order to promote the well-being disadvantaged groups, such as women, dalits religious minorities, sexual minorities or disabled persons.
Rule E: 'A discriminatory act shall be justified if its effect is to promote the wellbeing of disadvantaged groups, such as women, dalits, religious minorities, sexual minorities or disabled persons.
Facts: On $$2^{nd}$$ October, 2010, the Governor of the State of Bihar ordered the release of all women prisoners who were serving sentence of less than one year imprisonment to mark the occasion of Mahatma Gandhi's birthday.
Would the first Order of release of all women prisoners be justified under Rule E?
Rules:
A. A minor is a person who is below the age of eighteen. However, where a guardian administers the minor's property the age of majority is twenty-one.
B. A minor is not permitted by law to enter into a contract. Hence, where a minor enters into a contract with a major person, the contract is not enforceable. This effectively means that neither the minor nor the other party can make any claim on the basis of the contract.
C. In a contract with a minor, if the other party hands over any money or confers any other benefit on the minor, the same shall not be recoverable from the minor unless the other party was deceived by the minor to hand over money or any other benefit. The other party will have to show that the minor misrepresented her age, he was ignorant about the age of the minor and that he handed over the benefit on the basis of such representation.
Facts: Ajay convinces Bandita; a girl aged 18 that she should sell her land to him. Bandita's mother Chaaru is her guardian. Nonetheless Bandita, without the permission of Chaaru, sells the land to Ajay for a total sum of rupees fifty lakh, paid in full and final settlement of the price. Chaaru challenges this transaction claiming that Bandita is a minor and hence the possession of the land shall not be given to Ajay. Thus Ajay is in a difficult situation and has no idea how to recover his money from Bandita.
Chaaru is justified in challenging the sale transaction because
Rules:
A. A minor is a person who is below the age of eighteen. However, where a guardian administers the minor's property the age of majority is twenty-one.
B. A minor is not permitted by law to enter into a contract. Hence, where a minor enters into a contract with a major person, the contract is not enforceable. This effectively means that neither the minor nor the other party can make any claim on the basis of the contract.
C. In a contract with a minor, if the other party hands over any money or confers any other benefit on the minor, the same shall not be recoverable from the minor unless the other party was deceived by the minor to hand over money or any other benefit. The other party will have to show that the minor misrepresented her age, he was ignorant about the age of the minor and that he handed over the benefit on the basis of such representation.
Facts: Ajay convinces Bandita; a girl aged 18 that she should sell her land to him. Bandita's mother Chaaru is her guardian. Nonetheless Bandita, without the permission of Chaaru, sells the land to Ajay for a total sum of rupees fifty lakh, paid in full and final settlement of the price. Chaaru challenges this transaction claiming that Bandita is a minor and hence the possession of the land shall not be given to Ajay. Thus Ajay is in a difficult situation and has no idea how to recover his money from Bandita.
Ajay can be allowed to recover the money only if he can show that
Rules:
A. A minor is a person who is below the age of eighteen. However, where a guardian administers the minor's property the age of majority is twenty-one.
B. A minor is not permitted by law to enter into a contract. Hence, where a minor enters into a contract with a major person, the contract is not enforceable. This effectively means that neither the minor nor the other party can make any claim on the basis of the contract.
C. In a contract with a minor, if the other party hands over any money or confers any other benefit on the minor, the same shall not be recoverable from the minor unless the other party was deceived by the minor to hand over money or any other benefit. The other party will have to show that the minor misrepresented her age, he was ignorant about the age of the minor and that he handed over the benefit on the basis of such representation.
Facts: Ajay convinces Bandita; a girl aged 18 that she should sell her land to him. Bandita's mother Chaaru is her guardian. Nonetheless Bandita, without the permission of Chaaru, sells the land to Ajay for a total sum of rupees fifty lakh, paid in full and final settlement of the price. Chaaru challenges this transaction claiming that Bandita is a minor and hence the possession of the land shall not be given to Ajay. Thus Ajay is in a difficult situation and has no idea how to recover his money from Bandita.
In order to defend the sale, Bandita will need to show that
Rules:
A. A minor is a person who is below the age of eighteen. However, where a guardian administers the minor's property the age of majority is twenty-one.
B. A minor is not permitted by law to enter into a contract. Hence, where a minor enters into a contract with a major person, the contract is not enforceable. This effectively means that neither the minor nor the other party can make any claim on the basis of the contract.
C. In a contract with a minor, if the other party hands over any money or confers any other benefit on the minor, the same shall not be recoverable from the minor unless the other party was deceived by the minor to hand over money or any other benefit. The other party will have to show that the minor misrepresented her age, he was ignorant about the age of the minor and that he handed over the benefit on the basis of such representation.
Facts: Ajay convinces Bandita; a girl aged 18 that she should sell her land to him. Bandita's mother Chaaru is her guardian. Nonetheless Bandita, without the permission of Chaaru, sells the land to Ajay for a total sum of rupees fifty lakh, paid in full and final settlement of the price. Chaaru challenges this transaction claiming that Bandita is a minor and hence the possession of the land shall not be given to Ajay. Thus Ajay is in a difficult situation and has no idea how to recover his money from Bandita.
Which of the following is correct?
Rules:
A. A minor is a person who is below the age of eighteen. However, where a guardian administers the minor's property the age of majority is twenty-one.
B. A minor is not permitted by law to enter into a contract. Hence, where a minor enters into a contract with a major person, the contract is not enforceable. This effectively means that neither the minor nor the other party can make any claim on the basis of the contract.
C. In a contract with a minor, if the other party hands over any money or confers any other benefit on the minor, the same shall not be recoverable from the minor unless the other party was deceived by the minor to hand over money or any other benefit. The other party will have to show that the minor misrepresented her age, he was ignorant about the age of the minor and that he handed over the benefit on the basis of such representation.
Facts: Ajay convinces Bandita; a girl aged 18 that she should sell her land to him. Bandita's mother Chaaru is her guardian. Nonetheless Bandita, without the permission of Chaaru, sells the land to Ajay for a total sum of rupees fifty lakh, paid in full and final settlement of the price. Chaaru challenges this transaction claiming that Bandita is a minor and hence the possession of the land shall not be given to Ajay. Thus Ajay is in a difficult situation and has no idea how to recover his money from Bandita.
Which of the following is correct?
Rules
A. The act of using threats to force another person to enter into a contract is called coercion.
B. The act of using influence on another and taking undue advantage of that person is called undue influence.
C. In order to prove coercion, the existence of the use of threat, in any form and manner, is necessary. If coercion is proved, the person who has been so threatened can refuse to abide by the contract.
D. In order to prove undue-influence, there has to be a pre-existing relationship between the parties to a contract. The relationship has to be of such a nature that one is in a
position to influence the other. If it is proven that there has been undue influence, the party who has been so influenced need not enforce the contract or perform his obligations under the contract.
FACT: Aadil and Baalu best friends. Aadil is the of multi-millionaire business person,Chulbul who owns Maakhan Pharmaceuticals.In his son of a bank employee, Dhanraj one day, Aadil is abducted from his office by Baalu Chulbul receives a phone call from Dhanraj telling him that if he does not make Baalu the CEO of Maakhan Pharmaceuticals, Aadil will be killed. Chulbul reluctantly agrees to make Baalu the CEO. Subsequently Chulbul and Baalu sign an employment contract. However as soon as Aadil is released and safely reruns home, Chulbul tells Baalu that he shall not enforce the employment contract. Baalu and Dhanraj are not sure as to what is to be done next.
As per the rules and the given facts, who coerces whom?
Rules
A. The act of using threats to force another person to enter into a contract is called coercion.
B. The act of using influence on another and taking undue advantage of that person is called undue influence.
C. In order to prove coercion, the existence of the use of threat, in any form and manner, is necessary. If coercion is proved, the person who has been so threatened can refuse to abide by the contract.
D. In order to prove undue-influence, there has to be a pre-existing relationship between the parties to a contract. The relationship has to be of such a nature that one is in a
position to influence the other. If it is proven that there has been undue influence, the party who has been so influenced need not enforce the contract or perform his obligations under the contract.
FACT: Aadil and Baalu best friends. Aadil is the of multi-millionaire business person,Chulbul who owns Maakhan Pharmaceuticals.In his son of a bank employee, Dhanraj one day, Aadil is abducted from his office by Baalu Chulbul receives a phone call from Dhanraj telling him that if he does not make Baalu the CEO of Maakhan Pharmaceuticals, Aadil will be killed. Chulbul reluctantly agrees to make Baalu the CEO. Subsequently Chulbul and Baalu sign an employment contract. However as soon as Aadil is released and safely reruns home, Chulbul tells Baalu that he shall not enforce the employment contract. Baalu and Dhanraj are not sure as to what is to be done next.
In the above fact situation
Rules
A. The act of using threats to force another person to enter into a contract is called coercion.
B. The act of using influence on another and taking undue advantage of that person is called undue influence.
C. In order to prove coercion, the existence of the use of threat, in any form and manner, is necessary. If coercion is proved, the person who has been so threatened can refuse to abide by the contract.
D. In order to prove undue-influence, there has to be a pre-existing relationship between the parties to a contract. The relationship has to be of such a nature that one is in a
position to influence the other. If it is proven that there has been undue influence, the party who has been so influenced need not enforce the contract or perform his obligations under the contract.
FACT: Aadil and Baalu best friends. Aadil is the of multi-millionaire business person,Chulbul who owns Maakhan Pharmaceuticals.In his son of a bank employee, Dhanraj one day, Aadil is abducted from his office by Baalu Chulbul receives a phone call from Dhanraj telling him that if he does not make Baalu the CEO of Maakhan Pharmaceuticals, Aadil will be killed. Chulbul reluctantly agrees to make Baalu the CEO. Subsequently Chulbul and Baalu sign an employment contract. However as soon as Aadil is released and safely reruns home, Chulbul tells Baalu that he shall not enforce the employment contract. Baalu and Dhanraj are not sure as to what is to be done next.
Chulbul is
Rules
A. The act of using threats to force another person to enter into a contract is called coercion.
B. The act of using influence on another and taking undue advantage of that person is called undue influence.
C. In order to prove coercion, the existence of the use of threat, in any form and manner, is necessary. If coercion is proved, the person who has been so threatened can refuse to abide by the contract.
D. In order to prove undue-influence, there has to be a pre-existing relationship between the parties to a contract. The relationship has to be of such a nature that one is in a
position to influence the other. If it is proven that there has been undue influence, the party who has been so influenced need not enforce the contract or perform his obligations under the contract.
FACT: Aadil and Baalu best friends. Aadil is the of multi-millionaire business person,Chulbul who owns Maakhan Pharmaceuticals.In his son of a bank employee, Dhanraj one day, Aadil is abducted from his office by Baalu Chulbul receives a phone call from Dhanraj telling him that if he does not make Baalu the CEO of Maakhan Pharmaceuticals, Aadil will be killed. Chulbul reluctantly agrees to make Baalu the CEO. Subsequently Chulbul and Baalu sign an employment contract. However as soon as Aadil is released and safely reruns home, Chulbul tells Baalu that he shall not enforce the employment contract. Baalu and Dhanraj are not sure as to what is to be done next.
Baalu will succeed in getting the employment contract enforced if he can show that
Rule A: When a State undertakes any measure, the effects of the measure must be the same for all those who are affected by it.
Facts: Hundred mountaineers embarked on an extremely risky climbing expedition in Leh. Weather conditions worsened five days into the expedition and the mountaineers are trapped under heavy snow. The government received information of this tragedy only two weeks after the unfortunate incident and has only 24-hours in which to send rescue helicopters. Weather stations across the world confirm that this particular region of Leh will experience blizzards of unprecedented intensity for almost two weeks after this 24 hour window rendering any helicopter activity in the region impossible and certain death for anyone left behind. The government has only five rescue helicopters with a maximum capacity of 50 people (excluding pilots and requisite soldiers) and these helicopters can fly only once in 24 hours to such altitudes. As the Air Force gets ready to send the helicopters, an emergency hearing is convened in the Supreme Court to challenge this measure as this would leave 50 people to die.
If you were the judge required to apply Rule A, you would decide that
Rule B: When a State undertakes any measure, everyone affected must have an equal chance to benefit from it.
Facts: Hundred mountaineers embarked on an extremely risky climbing expedition in Leh. Weather conditions worsened five days into the expedition and the mountaineers are trapped under heavy snow. The government received information of this tragedy only two weeks after the unfortunate incident and has only 24-hours in which to send rescue helicopters. Weather stations across the world confirm that this particular region of Leh will experience blizzards of unprecedented intensity for almost two weeks after this 24 hour window rendering any helicopter activity in the region impossible and certain death for anyone left behind. The government has only five rescue helicopters with a maximum capacity of 50 people (excluding pilots and requisite soldiers) and these helicopters can fly only once in 24 hours to such altitudes. As the Air Force gets ready to send the helicopters, an emergency hearing is convened in the Supreme Court to challenge this measure as this would leave 50 people to die.
As the government prepares to send in rescue helicopters, which option would be acceptable only under Rule B and not Rule A?
ule A: When a State undertakes any measure, the effects of the measure must be the same for all those who are affected by it.
Facts: Hundred mountaineers embarked on an extremely risky climbing expedition in Leh. Weather conditions worsened five days into the expedition and the mountaineers are trapped under heavy snow. The government received information of this tragedy only two weeks after the unfortunate incident and has only 24-hours in which to send rescue helicopters. Weather stations across the world confirm that this particular region of Leh will experience blizzards of unprecedented intensity for almost two weeks after this 24 hour window rendering any helicopter activity in the region impossible and certain death for anyone left behind. The government has only five rescue helicopters with a maximum capacity of 50 people (excluding pilots and requisite soldiers) and these helicopters can fly only once in 24 hours to such altitudes. As the Air Force gets ready to send the helicopters, an emergency hearing is convened in the Supreme Court to challenge this measure as this would leave 50 people to die.
Choosing 50 survivors exclusively by a lottery would be
ule A: When a State undertakes any measure, the effects of the measure must be the same for all those who are affected by it.
Facts: Hundred mountaineers embarked on an extremely risky climbing expedition in Leh. Weather conditions worsened five days into the expedition and the mountaineers are trapped under heavy snow. The government received information of this tragedy only two weeks after the unfortunate incident and has only 24-hours in which to send rescue helicopters. Weather stations across the world confirm that this particular region of Leh will experience blizzards of unprecedented intensity for almost two weeks after this 24 hour window rendering any helicopter activity in the region impossible and certain death for anyone left behind. The government has only five rescue helicopters with a maximum capacity of 50 people (excluding pilots and requisite soldiers) and these helicopters can fly only once in 24 hours to such altitudes. As the Air Force gets ready to send the helicopters, an emergency hearing is convened in the Supreme Court to challenge this measure as this would leave 50 people to die.
If the government decides that it will either save everyone or save none, it would be
Rules:
A. A person is an employee of another it I the mode and the manner in which he or she carries out his work in subject to control and supervision of the latter.
B. An employer is required to provide compensation to his or her employees for any injury caused by an accident arising in the course of employment- The words 'in the course of the employment' mean in the course of the work which the employee is contracted to do and which is incidental to it.
Facts: Messrs Zafar Abidi and Co. (Company) manufactures bidis with the help of persons known as 'pat radars'. The pattadars are supplied tobacco and leaves by the Company and are required to roll them into bidis and bring the bidis back to the Company. The pattadars are tree to roll the bidis either in the factor}' or anywhere else they prefer. They are not bound to attend the factor)' for any fixed hours of work or for any fixed number of days. Neither are they required to roil up any fixed number of bidis. The Company verifies whether the bidis adhere to the specified instructions or not and pays the pattadars on the basis of the number of bidis that are found to be of right quality. Aashish Mathew is one of the pattadars of the Company. I le was hit by a car just outside the precinct of the factory while he was heading to have lunch in a nearby food-stall. Aashish Mathew has applied for compensation from the Company.
Which of the following statements can most plausibly be inferred from the application of the rules to the given facts?
Rules:
A. A person is an employee of another it I the mode and the manner in which he or she carries out his work in subject to control and supervision of the latter.
B. An employer is required to provide compensation to his or her employees for any injury caused by an accident arising in the course of employment- The words 'in the course of the employment' mean in the course of the work which the employee is contracted to do and which is incidental to it.
Facts: Messrs Zafar Abidi and Co. (Company) manufactures bidis with the help of persons known as 'pat radars'. The pattadars are supplied tobacco and leaves by the Company and are required to roll them into bidis and bring the bidis back to the Company. The pattadars are tree to roll the bidis either in the factor}' or anywhere else they prefer. They are not bound to attend the factor)' for any fixed hours of work or for any fixed number of days. Neither are they required to roil up any fixed number of bidis. The Company verifies whether the bidis adhere to the specified instructions or not and pays the pattadars on the basis of the number of bidis that are found to be of right quality. Aashish Mathew is one of the pattadars of the Company. I le was hit by a car just outside the precinct of the factory while he was heading to have lunch in a nearby food-stall. Aashish Mathew has applied for compensation from the Company.
In case the pattadars were compulsorily required to work in the factory for a minimum number of hours every day, then it would be correct to state that
Rules:
A. A person is an employee of another it I the mode and the manner in which he or she carries out his work in subject to control and supervision of the latter.
B. An employer is required to provide compensation to his or her employees for any injury caused by an accident arising in the course of employment- The words 'in the course of the employment' mean in the course of the work which the employee is contracted to do and which is incidental to it.
Facts: Messrs Zafar Abidi and Co. (Company) manufactures bidis with the help of persons known as 'pat radars'. The pattadars are supplied tobacco and leaves by the Company and are required to roll them into bidis and bring the bidis back to the Company. The pattadars are tree to roll the bidis either in the factor}' or anywhere else they prefer. They are not bound to attend the factor)' for any fixed hours of work or for any fixed number of days. Neither are they required to roil up any fixed number of bidis. The Company verifies whether the bidis adhere to the specified instructions or not and pays the pattadars on the basis of the number of bidis that are found to be of right quality. Aashish Mathew is one of the pattadars of the Company. I le was hit by a car just outside the precinct of the factory while he was heading to have lunch in a nearby food-stall. Aashish Mathew has applied for compensation from the Company.
According to the facts and the rules specified, which of the following propositions is correct?
Rules:
A. A person is an employee of another it I the mode and the manner in which he or she carries out his work in subject to control and supervision of the latter.
B. An employer is required to provide compensation to his or her employees for any injury caused by an accident arising in the course of employment- The words 'in the course of the employment' mean in the course of the work which the employee is contracted to do and which is incidental to it.
Facts: Messrs Zafar Abidi and Co. (Company) manufactures bidis with the help of persons known as 'pat radars'. The pattadars are supplied tobacco and leaves by the Company and are required to roll them into bidis and bring the bidis back to the Company. The pattadars are tree to roll the bidis either in the factor}' or anywhere else they prefer. They are not bound to attend the factor)' for any fixed hours of work or for any fixed number of days. Neither are they required to roil up any fixed number of bidis. The Company verifies whether the bidis adhere to the specified instructions or not and pays the pattadars on the basis of the number of bidis that are found to be of right quality. Aashish Mathew is one of the pattadars of the Company. I le was hit by a car just outside the precinct of the factory while he was heading to have lunch in a nearby food-stall. Aashish Mathew has applied for compensation from the Company.
Select the statement that could be said to be most direct inference from specified
Rules:
A. A person is an employee of another it I the mode and the manner in which he or she carries out his work in subject to control and supervision of the latter.
B. An employer is required to provide compensation to his or her employees for any injury caused by an accident arising in the course of employment- The words 'in the course of the employment' mean in the course of the work which the employee is contracted to do and which is incidental to it.
Facts: Messrs Zafar Abidi and Co. (Company) manufactures bidis with the help of persons known as 'pat radars'. The pattadars are supplied tobacco and leaves by the Company and are required to roll them into bidis and bring the bidis back to the Company. The pattadars are tree to roll the bidis either in the factor}' or anywhere else they prefer. They are not bound to attend the factor)' for any fixed hours of work or for any fixed number of days. Neither are they required to roil up any fixed number of bidis. The Company verifies whether the bidis adhere to the specified instructions or not and pays the pattadars on the basis of the number of bidis that are found to be of right quality. Aashish Mathew is one of the pattadars of the Company. I le was hit by a car just outside the precinct of the factory while he was heading to have lunch in a nearby food-stall. Aashish Mathew has applied for compensation from the Company.
If the pattadars were compulsorily required to work in the factory for a minimum number of hours every day, then the Company would have been liable to pay compensation to Aashish Mathew if the latter
Rules:
A. Whoever intending to take any moveable property out of the possession of any person without that person's consent, moves that property out of his or her possession, is said to commit theft.
B. A person who, without lawful excuse, damages any property belonging to another intending to damage any such property shall be guilty of causing criminal damage.
C. Damage means any impairment of the value of a property.
Facts:Veena, an old lady of 78 years, used to live with her grand-daughter Indira. Veena was ill and therefore bed-ridden for several months. In those months, she could not tolerate any noise and it became quite difficult to clean her room. After she died, Indira hired a cleaner, Lucky, to clean the room and throw away any rubbish that may be there.There was a pile of old newspapers which Veena had stacked in a corner of her room. Lucky asked Indira if he should clear away the pile of old newspapers, to which she said yes. Lucky took the pile to a municipality rubbish dump. While Lucky was sorting and throwing away the newspapers, he was very surprised to find a beautiful painting in between two sheets of paper. He thought that Indira probably wouldn’t want this old painting back especially because it was torn in several pi and the colour was fading. He took the painting home, mounted it on a wooden frame and hang it on the wall of his bedroom. Unknown to him the painting was an old masterpiece, and worth twenty thousand rupees. Before mount the painting, Lucky pasted it on a plain sheet of
paper so that it does not tear any more. By doing so, he made its professional restoration very difficult and thereby reduced its value by half. Lucky's neighbour Kamala discovered that the painting belonged to Indira. With the motive of returning the painting to Indira, Kamala climbed through an open window into Lucky'room when he was away one afternoon and removed the painting from his house.
Has Lucky committed theft?
Rules:
A. Whoever intending to take any moveable property out of the possession of any person without that person's consent, moves that property out of his or her possession, is said to commit theft.
B. A person who, without lawful excuse, damages any property belonging to another intending to damage any such property shall be guilty of causing criminal damage.
C. Damage means any impairment of the value of a property.
Facts:Veena, an old lady of 78 years, used to live with her grand-daughter Indira. Veena was ill and therefore bed-ridden for several months. In those months, she could not tolerate any noise and it became quite difficult to clean her room. After she died, Indira hired a cleaner, Lucky, to clean the room and throw away any rubbish that may be there.There was a pile of old newspapers which Veena had stacked in a corner of her room. Lucky asked Indira if he should clear away the pile of old newspapers, to which she said yes. Lucky took the pile to a municipality rubbish dump. While Lucky was sorting and throwing away the newspapers, he was very surprised to find a beautiful painting in between two sheets of paper. He thought that Indira probably wouldn’t want this old painting back especially because it was torn in several pi and the colour was fading. He took the painting home, mounted it on a wooden frame and hang it on the wall of his bedroom. Unknown to him the painting was an old masterpiece, and worth twenty thousand rupees. Before mount the painting, Lucky pasted it on a plain sheet of
paper so that it does not tear any more. By doing so, he made its professional restoration very difficult and thereby reduced its value by half. Lucky's neighbour Kamala discovered that the painting belonged to Indira. With the motive of returning the painting to Indira, Kamala climbed through an open window into Lucky'room when he was away one afternoon and removed the painting from his house.
Is Lucky guilty of criminal damage?
Rules:
A. Whoever intending to take any moveable property out of the possession of any person without that person's consent, moves that property out of his or her possession, is said to commit theft.
B. A person who, without lawful excuse, damages any property belonging to another intending to damage any such property shall be guilty of causing criminal damage.
C. Damage means any impairment of the value of a property.
Facts:Veena, an old lady of 78 years, used to live with her grand-daughter Indira. Veena was ill and therefore bed-ridden for several months. In those months, she could not tolerate any noise and it became quite difficult to clean her room. After she died, Indira hired a cleaner, Lucky, to clean the room and throw away any rubbish that may be there.There was a pile of old newspapers which Veena had stacked in a corner of her room. Lucky asked Indira if he should clear away the pile of old newspapers, to which she said yes. Lucky took the pile to a municipality rubbish dump. While Lucky was sorting and throwing away the newspapers, he was very surprised to find a beautiful painting in between two sheets of paper. He thought that Indira probably wouldn’t want this old painting back especially because it was torn in several pi and the colour was fading. He took the painting home, mounted it on a wooden frame and hang it on the wall of his bedroom. Unknown to him the painting was an old masterpiece, and worth twenty thousand rupees. Before mount the painting, Lucky pasted it on a plain sheet of
paper so that it does not tear any more. By doing so, he made its professional restoration very difficult and thereby reduced its value by half. Lucky's neighbour Kamala discovered that the painting belonged to Indira. With the motive of returning the painting to Indira, Kamala climbed through an open window into Lucky'room when he was away one afternoon and removed the painting from his house.
If Lucky had discovered the painting before leaving Indira's house rather than at the rubbish dump, would he have been guilty of theft in this case'?
Rules:
A. Whoever intending to take any moveable property out of the possession of any person without that person's consent, moves that property out of his or her possession, is said to commit theft.
B. A person who, without lawful excuse, damages any property belonging to another intending to damage any such property shall be guilty of causing criminal damage.
C. Damage means any impairment of the value of a property.
Facts:Veena, an old lady of 78 years, used to live with her grand-daughter Indira. Veena was ill and therefore bed-ridden for several months. In those months, she could not tolerate any noise and it became quite difficult to clean her room. After she died, Indira hired a cleaner, Lucky, to clean the room and throw away any rubbish that may be there.There was a pile of old newspapers which Veena had stacked in a corner of her room. Lucky asked Indira if he should clear away the pile of old newspapers, to which she said yes. Lucky took the pile to a municipality rubbish dump. While Lucky was sorting and throwing away the newspapers, he was very surprised to find a beautiful painting in between two sheets of paper. He thought that Indira probably wouldn’t want this old painting back especially because it was torn in several pi and the colour was fading. He took the painting home, mounted it on a wooden frame and hang it on the wall of his bedroom. Unknown to him the painting was an old masterpiece, and worth twenty thousand rupees. Before mount the painting, Lucky pasted it on a plain sheet of
paper so that it does not tear any more. By doing so, he made its professional restoration very difficult and thereby reduced its value by half. Lucky's neighbour Kamala discovered that the painting belonged to Indira. With the motive of returning the painting to Indira, Kamala climbed through an open window into Lucky'room when he was away one afternoon and removed the painting from his house.
Is Kamala guilty of theft'?
Rules:
A. Whoever intending to take any moveable property out of the possession of any person without that person's consent, moves that property out of his or her possession, is said to commit theft.
B. A person who, without lawful excuse, damages any property belonging to another intending to damage any such property shall be guilty of causing criminal damage.
C. Damage means any impairment of the value of a property.
Facts:Veena, an old lady of 78 years, used to live with her grand-daughter Indira. Veena was ill and therefore bed-ridden for several months. In those months, she could not tolerate any noise and it became quite difficult to clean her room. After she died, Indira hired a cleaner, Lucky, to clean the room and throw away any rubbish that may be there.There was a pile of old newspapers which Veena had stacked in a corner of her room. Lucky asked Indira if he should clear away the pile of old newspapers, to which she said yes. Lucky took the pile to a municipality rubbish dump. While Lucky was sorting and throwing away the newspapers, he was very surprised to find a beautiful painting in between two sheets of paper. He thought that Indira probably wouldn’t want this old painting back especially because it was torn in several pi and the colour was fading. He took the painting home, mounted it on a wooden frame and hang it on the wall of his bedroom. Unknown to him the painting was an old masterpiece, and worth twenty thousand rupees. Before mount the painting, Lucky pasted it on a plain sheet of
paper so that it does not tear any more. By doing so, he made its professional restoration very difficult and thereby reduced its value by half. Lucky's neighbour Kamala discovered that the painting belonged to Indira. With the motive of returning the painting to Indira, Kamala climbed through an open window into Lucky'room when he was away one afternoon and removed the painting from his house.
Which of the following propositions could be inferred from the facts and the Fettles specified?
Rules:
A. When land is sold, all 'fixtures' on the land are also deemed to havebeen sold.
B. If a movable thing is attached to the land or any building on the land, then it becomes a 'fixture'.
Facts: Khaleeda wants to sell a plot of land she owns in baghmara, Meghalaya and the sale value decided for the plot includes the fully-furnished palatial six-bedroom house that she has built on it five years ago. She sells ii to Gurpreet for sixty lakh rupees. After completing the sale, she removes the expensive Iranian carpet which used to cover the entire wooden floor of one of the bedrooms. The room had very little light and khaleeda used this light-coloured radiant carpet to negate some of the darkness in the room. Gurpreet, after moving in, realises this and files a case to recover the carpet from Khaleeda.
As a judge you would decide in favour of
Rules:
A. When land is sold, all 'fixtures' on the land are also deemed to havebeen sold.
B. If a movable thing is attached to the land or any building on the land, then it becomes a 'fixture'.
Facts: Khaleeda wants to sell a plot of land she owns in baghmara, Meghalaya and the sale value decided for the plot includes the fully-furnished palatial six-bedroom house that she has built on it five years ago. She sells ii to Gurpreet for sixty lakh rupees. After completing the sale, she removes the expensive Iranian carpet which used to cover the entire wooden floor of one of the bedrooms. The room had very little light and khaleeda used this light-coloured radiant carpet to negate some of the darkness in the room. Gurpreet, after moving in, realises this and files a case to recover the carpet from Khaleeda.
Assume that in the above fact scenario, Khaleeda no longer wants the carpet. She removes the elaborately carved door to the house after the sale has been concluded and claims that Gurpreet has no claim to the door. The door in question was part of Khaleeda's ancestral home in Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu for more than 150 years before she had it fitted as the entrance to her Baghmara house. 193. As a judge you would decide in favour of
As a judge you would decide in favour of
Rules:
A. When land is sold, all 'fixtures' on the land are also deemed to havebeen sold.
B. If a movable thing is attached to the land or any building on the land, then it becomes a 'fixture'.
Facts: Khaleeda wants to sell a plot of land she owns in baghmara, Meghalaya and the sale value decided for the plot includes the fully-furnished palatial six-bedroom house that she has built on it five years ago. She sells ii to Gurpreet for sixty lakh rupees. After completing the sale, she removes the expensive Iranian carpet which used to cover the entire wooden floor of one of the bedrooms. The room had very little light and khaleeda used this light-coloured radiant carpet to negate some of the darkness in the room. Gurpreet, after moving in, realises this and files a case to recover the carpet from Khaleeda.
Amongst the following options, the most relevant consideration while deciding a case on the basis of the above two principles would be
Rules:
A. When land is sold, all 'fixtures' on the land are also deemed to havebeen sold.
B. If a movable thing is attached to the land or any building on the land, then it becomes a 'fixture'.
Rule C: If a movable thing is placed on land with the intention that it should become an integral part of the land or any structure on the land it becomes a fixture.
Facts: Khaleeda wants to sell a plot of land she owns in baghmara, Meghalaya and the sale value decided for the plot includes the fully-furnished palatial six-bedroom house that she has built on it five years ago. She sells ii to Gurpreet for sixty lakh rupees. After completing the sale, she removes the expensive Iranian carpet which used to cover the entire wooden floor of one of the bedrooms. The room had very little light and khaleeda used this light-coloured radiant carpet to negate some of the darkness in the room. Gurpreet, after moving in, realises this and files a case to recover the carpet from Khaleeda.
Applying, Rules A and C, to the fact situations in questions 192 and 193, as a judge you would decide in favour of
Rule A: An owner of land has the right It) use (he land in any manner he or she desires. The owner of land also owns the space above and the depths below it.
Rule B: Rights above the land extend only to the point they are essential to any use or enjoyment of land.
Rule C: An owner cannot claim infringement of her property right if the space above his or herland is put to reasonable use by someone else at a height at which the owner would have reasonable use of it and it does not affect the reasonable enjoyment of his or her land.
Ramesh’s case: Ramesh owns an at land on the outskirts of Sullurpeta, An Pradesh. The Government of India launches satellites into space frequently from Srihari near Sullurpeta. The Government of India not deny that once the satellite launch travelled the distance of almost 7000 km it passes over Ramesh's property. Ramesh a case claiming that the Government of 1 has violated his property rights by routing satellite over his property, albeit 7000 km directly above it.
Applying only Rule A to Ramesh's case as a judge you would decide
Rule A: An owner of land has the right It) use (he land in any manner he or she desires. The owner of land also owns the space above and the depths below it.
Rule B: Rights above the land extend only to the point they are essential to any use or enjoyment of land.
Rule C: An owner cannot claim infringement of her property right if the space above his or herland is put to reasonable use by someone else at a height at which the owner would have reasonable use of it and it does not affect the reasonable enjoyment of his or her land.
Ramesh’s case: Ramesh owns an at land on the outskirts of Sullurpeta, An Pradesh. The Government of India launches satellites into space frequently from Srihari near Sullurpeta. The Government of India not deny that once the satellite launch travelled the distance of almost 7000 km it passes over Ramesh's property. Ramesh a case claiming that the Government of 1 has violated his property rights by routing satellite over his property, albeit 7000 km directly above it.
Shazia's case: Shazia owns a single storeyed house in Ahmedabad which has been in her family for more than 75 years. The foundation of the house cannot support another floor and Shazia has no intention o. demolishing her family home to construct a bigger building. Javed and Sandeep are business partners and own three-storey houses on either side of Shazia's house. Javed and Sandeep are also Ahmedabad's main distributors for a major soft drink Company. They have erected a huge advertising their products, with the ends supported on their roofs but the hoarding also passes over Shazia's house at 70 feet and a permanent shadow on her terrace. Shazia decides to hoist a huge Indian flag, up to 75 feet, on her roof. She files a case, asking, the court to order Javed and Sandeep to removethe hoarding for all these reasons.
Applying only Rule B to Shazia's case, you would decide in favour of
Rule A: An owner of land has the right It) use (he land in any manner he or she desires. The owner of land also owns the space above and the depths below it.
Rule B: Rights above the land extend only to the point they are essential to any use or enjoyment of land.
Rule C: An owner cannot claim infringement of her property right if the space above his or herland is put to reasonable use by someone else at a height at which the owner would have reasonable use of it and it does not affect the reasonable enjoyment of his or her land.
Ramesh’s case: Ramesh owns an at land on the outskirts of Sullurpeta, An Pradesh. The Government of India launches satellites into space frequently from Srihari near Sullurpeta. The Government of India not deny that once the satellite launch travelled the distance of almost 7000 km it passes over Ramesh's property. Ramesh a case claiming that the Government of 1 has violated his property rights by routing satellite over his property, albeit 7000 km directly above it.
Shazia's case: Shazia owns a single storeyed house in Ahmedabad which has been in her family for more than 75 years. The foundation of the house cannot support another floor and Shazia has no intention o. demolishing her family home to construct a bigger building. Javed and Sandeep are business partners and own three-storey houses on either side of Shazia's house. Javed and Sandeep are also Ahmedabad's main distributors for a major soft drink Company. They have erected a huge advertising their products, with the ends supported on their roofs but the hoarding also passes over Shazia's house at 70 feet and a permanent shadow on her terrace. Shazia decides to hoist a huge Indian flag, up to 75 feet, on her roof. She files a case, asking, the court to order Javed and Sandeep to removethe hoarding for all these reasons.
applying rule only A and B to Shnzia's case, you would decide
Rule A: An owner of land has the right It) use (he land in any manner he or she desires. The owner of land also owns the space above and the depths below it.
Rule B: Rights above the land extend only to the point they are essential to any use or enjoyment of land.
Rule C: An owner cannot claim infringement of her property right if the space above his or herland is put to reasonable use by someone else at a height at which the owner would have reasonable use of it and it does not affect the reasonable enjoyment of his or her land.
Ramesh’s case: Ramesh owns an at land on the outskirts of Sullurpeta, An Pradesh. The Government of India launches satellites into space frequently from Srihari near Sullurpeta. The Government of India not deny that once the satellite launch travelled the distance of almost 7000 km it passes over Ramesh's property. Ramesh a case claiming that the Government of 1 has violated his property rights by routing satellite over his property, albeit 7000 km directly above it.
Shazia's case: Shazia owns a single storeyed house in Ahmedabad which has been in her family for more than 75 years. The foundation of the house cannot support another floor and Shazia has no intention o. demolishing her family home to construct a bigger building. Javed and Sandeep are business partners and own three-storey houses on either side of Shazia's house. Javed and Sandeep are also Ahmedabad's main distributors for a major soft drink Company. They have erected a huge advertising their products, with the ends supported on their roofs but the hoarding also passes over Shazia's house at 70 feet and a permanent shadow on her terrace. Shazia decides to hoist a huge Indian flag, up to 75 feet, on her roof. She files a case, asking, the court to order Javed and Sandeep to removethe hoarding for all these reasons.
Applying only Rule B and C to Ramesh's case, you would decide
Rule A: An owner of land has the right It) use (he land in any manner he or she desires. The owner of land also owns the space above and the depths below it.
Rule B: Rights above the land extend only to the point they are essential to any use or enjoyment of land.
Rule C: An owner cannot claim infringement of her property right if the space above his or herland is put to reasonable use by someone else at a height at which the owner would have reasonable use of it and it does not affect the reasonable enjoyment of his or her land.
Ramesh’s case: Ramesh owns an at land on the outskirts of Sullurpeta, An Pradesh. The Government of India launches satellites into space frequently from Srihari near Sullurpeta. The Government of India not deny that once the satellite launch travelled the distance of almost 7000 km it passes over Ramesh's property. Ramesh a case claiming that the Government of 1 has violated his property rights by routing satellite over his property, albeit 7000 km directly above it.
Shazia's case: Shazia owns a single storeyed house in Ahmedabad which has been in her family for more than 75 years. The foundation of the house cannot support another floor and Shazia has no intention o. demolishing her family home to construct a bigger building. Javed and Sandeep are business partners and own three-storey houses on either side of Shazia's house. Javed and Sandeep are also Ahmedabad's main distributors for a major soft drink Company. They have erected a huge advertising their products, with the ends supported on their roofs but the hoarding also passes over Shazia's house at 70 feet and a permanent shadow on her terrace. Shazia decides to hoist a huge Indian flag, up to 75 feet, on her roof. She files a case, asking, the court to order Javed and Sandeep to removethe hoarding for all these reasons.
Applying Rule C to Shazia's case, you would decide
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