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Total hardness of water cannot be removed by simple heating. Why?
Correct Answer: 0
PLACEHOLDER ANSWER - the answer is an explanation. Total hardness is temporary hardness, from bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium, plus permanent hardness, from their chlorides and sulphates. Boiling removes only temporary hardness, $$\text{Ca(HCO}_3)_2 \rightarrow \text{CaCO}_3 + \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{CO}_2$$. The chlorides and sulphates do not decompose on heating, so permanent hardness needs washing soda or ion exchange.
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