The questions in this section are based on a single passage. The questions are to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

If religion and community are associated with global violence in the trends of manypeople, then so are global poverty and inequality. There has, in fact, been an increasing tendency in recent years to justify policies of poverty removal on the ground that this is the surest way to prevent political strife and turmoil. Basing public policy—international as well as domestic--on such an understanding has some evident attractions. Given the public anxiety about wars and disorders in the rich countries in the world, the indirect justification of poverty removal—not for its own sake but for the sake of peace and quiet in the world -provides an argument that appeals to sellinterest for helping the needy. It presents an argument for allocating more resources on poverty removal because of its presumed political, rather than moral, relevance.

While the temptation to go in that direction is easy to understand, it is a perilous route to take even for a worthy cause. Part of the difficulty lies in the possibility that if wrong, economic reductionswould not only impair our understanding of the world, but would also tend to undermine the declared rationale of the public commitment to remove poverty. This is a particularly serious concern, since poverty and massive inequality are terrible enough in themselves, and deserve priority even if there were no connection whatsoever with violence. Just as virtue is its own reward, poverty is atleast its own penalty. This is not to deny poverty and inequality can - and do - have reaching consequences with conflict and strife but these connections have to be examined investigated with appropriate care empirical scrutiny, rather than being casually invoked with unreasoned rapidity in support a 'good cause."

Destitution can of course, produce provocation for defying established laws a" rules. But it need not give people the initiative courage, and actual ability to do anything violent. Destitution can be accompanied not o by economic debility, but also by political helplessness. A starving wretch can be too far and too dejected to fight and battle, and even protest and holler. It is thus not surprising that often enough intense and widespread suffering and misery have been accompanied by unusual peace and silence. Indeed, many famines have occurred without there being much political rebellion or civil strife or intergroup warfare. For example, the famine years in the 1840s in Ireland were among the most peaceful, and there was little attempt by the hungry masses to intervene even as ship after ship sailed down the river Shannon with rich food. Looking elsewhere, my own childhood memories in Calcutta during the Bengal famine of 1943 include the sight of starving people dying in front of sweetshops with various lasers of luscious food displayed behind the glass windows, without a single glass being broken, or law or order being disrupted.