Identify the solar cell characteristics from the following options:

We need to identify the correct current-voltage ($$I-V$$) characteristic curve for a solar cell from the given graphical options.

1. Understanding Solar Cell Working Principles

A solar cell is a p-n junction diode that generates electrical power when exposed to light. Unlike regular diodes that consume power, a solar cell acts as a power generator (source). Because it delivers power to an external load rather than drawing it from a circuit, its operating points lie entirely in the fourth quadrant of the $$I-V$$ plane.

The total current $$I$$ flowing through a solar cell under illumination is given by the diode equation modified with a light-generated photocurrent ($$I_L$$):

$$I = I_S \left( e^{\frac{eV}{k_B T}} - 1 \right) - I_L$$

2. Key Graphical Features of the Curve

• Short-Circuit Current ($$I_{sc}$$): When the voltage across the cell is zero ($$V = 0$$), the current is at its maximum negative value ($$I = -I_L$$). This point lies on the negative vertical axis ($$I$$-axis).
• Open-Circuit Voltage ($$V_{oc}$$): When the circuit is broken and no current flows ($$I = 0$$), the voltage reaches its maximum positive value. This point lies on the positive horizontal axis ($$V$$-axis).
• Fourth Quadrant Behavior: As voltage increases from zero toward $$V_{oc}$$, the current remains relatively constant and negative before curving sharply upward to meet the voltage axis.

Conclusion

The second graph clearly shows a curve plotted in the fourth quadrant, intersecting the negative current axis at $$I_{sc}$$ and the positive voltage axis at $$V_{oc}$$.

Therefore, the correct graphical representation is shown in the second option, which corresponds to Option B