An object is located at 2 km beneath the surface of the water. If the fractional compression $$\frac{\Delta V}{V}$$ is 1.36%, the ratio of hydraulic stress to the corresponding hydraulic strain will be ________. [Given: density of water is 1000 kg m$$^{-3}$$ and $$g = 9.8$$ m s$$^{-2}$$].

The ratio of hydraulic stress to hydraulic strain is the bulk modulus $$B$$. The hydraulic stress (pressure) at a depth of 2 km beneath the water surface is $$P = \rho g h = 1000 \times 9.8 \times 2000 = 1.96 \times 10^7$$ N m$$^{-2}$$.

The hydraulic strain is the fractional compression $$\frac{\Delta V}{V} = 1.36\% = 0.0136$$.

Therefore the bulk modulus is $$B = \frac{P}{\Delta V / V} = \frac{1.96 \times 10^7}{0.0136} = 1.44 \times 10^9$$ N m$$^{-2}$$.