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For independent process at 300 K.
| Process | $$\Delta H$$ / kJmol$$^{-1}$$ | $$\Delta S$$ / JK$$^{-1}$$ |
|---|---|---|
| A | -25 | -80 |
| B | -22 | 40 |
| C | 25 | -50 |
| D | 22 | 20 |
Correct Answer: 2
We need to determine how many of the four processes are non-spontaneous at 300 K.
We begin by recalling that the spontaneity of a process is determined by the Gibbs free energy change $$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$$ and that a process is spontaneous if $$\Delta G < 0$$, non-spontaneous if $$\Delta G > 0$$, and at equilibrium if $$\Delta G = 0$$.
We note that $$\Delta H$$ is given in kJ/mol while $$\Delta S$$ is given in J/K, so we convert $$\Delta H$$ to J/mol by multiplying by 1000.
For Process A, $$\Delta H = -25$$ kJ/mol $$= -25000$$ J/mol and $$\Delta S = -80$$ J/K.
Substituting into the Gibbs free energy equation gives $$\Delta G_A = -25000 - 300 \times (-80) = -25000 + 24000 = -1000 \text{ J/mol}$$.
Since $$\Delta G_A = -1000 < 0$$, Process A is spontaneous.
In the case of Process B, $$\Delta H = -22$$ kJ/mol $$= -22000$$ J/mol and $$\Delta S = 40$$ J/K.
Substituting into the Gibbs free energy equation gives $$\Delta G_B = -22000 - 300 \times 40 = -22000 - 12000 = -34000 \text{ J/mol}$$.
Since $$\Delta G_B = -34000 < 0$$, Process B is spontaneous.
Next, for Process C, $$\Delta H = 25$$ kJ/mol $$= 25000$$ J/mol and $$\Delta S = -50$$ J/K.
Substituting into the Gibbs free energy equation gives $$\Delta G_C = 25000 - 300 \times (-50) = 25000 + 15000 = 40000 \text{ J/mol}$$.
Since $$\Delta G_C = 40000 > 0$$, Process C is non-spontaneous.
Finally, for Process D, $$\Delta H = 22$$ kJ/mol $$= 22000$$ J/mol and $$\Delta S = 20$$ J/K.
Substituting into the Gibbs free energy equation gives $$\Delta G_D = 22000 - 300 \times 20 = 22000 - 6000 = 16000 \text{ J/mol}$$.
Since $$\Delta G_D = 16000 > 0$$, Process D is non-spontaneous.
In summary, Process A and Process B are spontaneous ($$\Delta G < 0$$) while Process C and Process D are non-spontaneous ($$\Delta G > 0$$).
The number of non-spontaneous processes is 2.
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