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Numerous criticisms of medical science have been articulated in recent years. Some critics argue that spurious disease categories are being invented for the aim of profit. Others say that the benefits of most new drugs are minimal and exaggerated by clinical research, and that the harms of these drugs are extensive and typically underestimated by clinical research.

Another prominent feature of medicine is the hope and expectation of patients that medicine coupled with training of physicians can help them in their treatment.

The pharmaceutical industry is extremely profitable, and the fantastic financial gains to be made from selling drugs create incentives to engage in some of the practices above.

Afflicted by studies with small sample sizes, tiny effects, invalid exploratory analyses and flagrant conflicts of interest, science has taken a turn towards darkness.

Still others point to problems with the research methods themselves, arguing that randomised trials and meta-analyses are in fact malleable.