For the following questions answer them individually
Effective length of a column effectively held in position and restrained in
directions at both ends is
For the economical design of a combined footing to support two equal column
loads the projections of beams in lower tier are kept such that bending
moment under column is equal to
The effective length L of a simply supported beam with ends restrained against
torsion, and also the ends of compression flange partially restrained
against lateral bending is given by
The connection of one beam to another beam by means of an angle at the
bottom and an angle at the top, is known as