For the following questions answer them individually
Strain energy due to sudden axial load is given by:$$[\sigma]$$:resultant stress
P : Axial load
$$\triangle$$: detornator
$$\epsilon$$: strain
E : modulous of elasticity
The following document contains detailed description of all items of work excluding their quantities, along with the current rates :
In limit state method of design, for bars in compression in values of bond stress shall be