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Question 19

$$ \text{Let } A=\left\{1, 2, 3,....,10\right\} \text{ and }B=\left\{ \frac {m}{n},n \in A,m < n \text{ and }gcd(m,n)=1\right\}.$$ Then n(B) is equal to:

In the set B, the elements are fractions $$\dfrac{m}{n}$$ such that, $$n$$ can take the values from {1,2,...,10} and $$m$$ has to be less than $$n$$ and, $$m$$ and $$n$$ must be co-primes.

Euler's totient function represents the count of positive integers less than a given integer $$n$$ that are co-prime to $$n$$.

If $$n$$ is represented as,

$$n\ =\ p_1^a\ \times\ p_2^b\ \times\ p_3^c\ ...$$ where $$p_1,\ p_2,\ p_3..\ $$ are primes.

$$Φ\left(n\right)\ =\ n\left(1-\dfrac{1}{p_1}\right)\left(1-\dfrac{1}{p_2}\right)\left(1-\dfrac{1}{p_3}\right)...$$

When $$n$$ is prime, $$Φ(n)=n-1$$

$$n\left(B\right)=Φ\left(10\right)+\ Φ\left(9\right)\ +\ ...\ +\ Φ\left(2\right)$$

We are not including $$Φ(1)$$, as there are no integers less than 1 that are co-prime to 1.

$$Φ\left(10\right)$$: $$10=2\times5$$

$$Φ(10)=10\left(1-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\left(1-\dfrac{1}{5}\right)\ =\ 10\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\left(\dfrac{4}{5}\right)\ =\ 4$$

$$Φ\left(9\right)$$: $$9=3^2$$

$$Φ(9)=9\left(1-\dfrac{1}{3}\right)\ =\ 6$$

$$Φ\left(8\right)$$: $$8=2^3$$

$$Φ(8)=8\left(1-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\ =\ 4$$

$$Φ\left(7\right)$$: $$7$$ is prime

$$Φ(7)=6$$

$$Φ\left(6\right)$$: $$6=2\times3$$

$$Φ(6)=6\left(1-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\left(1-\dfrac{1}{3}\right)\ =\ 6\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\left(\dfrac{2}{3}\right)\ =\ 2$$

$$Φ\left(5\right)$$: $$5$$ is prime

$$Φ(5)=4$$

$$Φ\left(4\right)$$: $$4=2^2$$

$$Φ(4)=4\left(1-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\ =\ 2$$

$$Φ\left(3\right)$$: $$3$$ is prime

$$Φ(3)=2$$

$$Φ\left(2\right)$$: $$2$$ is prime

$$Φ(2)=1$$

$$n\left(B\right)=Φ\left(10\right)+\ Φ\left(9\right)\ +\ ...\ +\ Φ\left(2\right)=\ 4\ +\ 6\ +\ 4\ +\ 6\ +\ 2\ +\ 4\ +\ 2\ +\ 2\ +\ 1\ =\ 31$$

Hence, the correct answer is option B.

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