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Question 21

From a month of 31 days, 3 dates are selected at random. If the  probability that these dates  are in an increasing A.P.  is equal to $$\frac{a}{b}$$, where $$ a , b \in N$$ and  $$\gcd(a, b) = 1$$. Then $$a + b$$ is equal to :


Correct Answer: 944

Label the three chosen dates in increasing order as $$a,\,a+d,\,a+2d$$, where $$a\ge 1$$ and the common difference $$d\ge 1$$ is an integer.

The largest date must not exceed 31, so $$a+2d\le 31 \; \Longrightarrow\; a\le 31-2d$$.

For a fixed $$d$$, the number of admissible first terms $$a$$ is therefore $$31-2d$$.

The common difference can take every integer value from $$1$$ up to $$15$$ because if $$d=16$$ we would need $$a\le -1$$, which is impossible. Thus $$d=1,2,\dots ,15$$.

Total number of favourable arithmetic progressions:
$$N_f=\sum_{d=1}^{15}\bigl(31-2d\bigr)=31\sum_{d=1}^{15}1-2\sum_{d=1}^{15}d.$$

Evaluate the two sums:
$$\sum_{d=1}^{15}1=15,\qquad \sum_{d=1}^{15}d=\frac{15\cdot16}{2}=120.$$

Hence
$$N_f=31\cdot15-2\cdot120=465-240=225.$$

The total number of ways to choose any three distinct dates from the 31-day month is the combination $$\binom{31}{3}$$:
$$N_t=\binom{31}{3}=\frac{31\cdot30\cdot29}{6}=4495.$$

Therefore the required probability is
$$P=\frac{N_f}{N_t}=\frac{225}{4495}.$$

Simplify the fraction. Both numerator and denominator are divisible by $$5$$:
$$\frac{225}{4495}=\frac{45}{899}.$$

The prime factorisation of $$45$$ is $$3^2\cdot5$$, while $$899=29\cdot31$$; no further common factor exists, so the fraction is already in lowest terms with
$$a=45,\; b=899.$$

Finally,
$$a+b=45+899=944.$$

Hence the required value is 944.

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