Pick the odd one out from the following options:

Prepositions that are commonly used with the verb 'strip' that are provided in the options and their meanings are listed below:

1. strip of: to take away (followed by the object being taken away), a phrasal verb
2. strip off: to take away (followed by the object being taken away), also a phrasal verb
3. strip away: taken away (preceded by the object being taken away), also a phrasal verb

'strip against' mentioned in option D is not a phrasal verb, and the preposition 'against' is not commonly used with the verb 'strip'; this makes the option an odd one out. Option D is the correct answer.